History Ch.1 Converging Cultures

Front 1

method of determining how old objects are by measuring the radioactivity left in a special type of carbon

Back 1

radiocarbon dating

Front 2

period of time when the earth began to cool gradually, entering a period of glaciation

Back 2

Ice Age

Front 3

much of earth's water that froze into sheets

Back 3

glaciers

Front 4

people who continually moved from place to place

Back 4

nomads

Front 5

time between 9,000 and 10,000 years ago in Mesoamerica when early Americans learned how to plant and raise crops

Back 5

agricultural revolution

Front 6

most important crop of all, which was a large seeded grass; today known as corn

Back 6

maize

Front 7

a highly organized society marked by trade, government, the arts, science, and, often, written language

Back 7

civilization

Front 8

circular ceremonial rooms built by the Anasazi

Back 8

kivas

Front 9

spanish word for villages that the Spanish explorers called them

Back 9

pueblos

Front 10

people that emerged in the Yucatan peninsula and had a talent for engineering and mathematics

Back 10

Mayan

Front 11

the Mexica that created a mighty empire by conquering neighboring cities

Back 11

Aztec

Front 12

a good spirit that the Pueblo people believed brought messages from the gods to their town each year

Back 12

kachina

Front 13

a language group that lived in what later became New England

Back 13

Algonquian

Front 14

a language group that lived from New York to southern Ontario

Back 14

Iroquoian

Front 15

cutting down parts of forests and then burning the cleared land, making soil fertile

Back 15

slash-and-burn agriculture

Front 16

large rectangular houses with barrel-shaped roofs of bark

Back 16

longhoused

Front 17

dwellings that were either conical or dome-shaped and were made using bent poles covered with hides or bark

Back 17

wigwams

Front 18

extended families

Back 18

kinship groups

Front 19

a desert that lies in the vast expanse between northern and southern Africa

Back 19

sahara

Front 20

rolling grassland

Back 20

savannah

Front 21

a religious idea whose followers are called ____; spread across northern Africa

Back 21

Islam; Muslims

Front 22

Muslim places of worship

Back 22

mosques

Front 23

the people of Ghana who controlled the region's trade and built West Africa's first empire

Back 23

Soninke

Front 24

the people East of Ghana that controlled the upper Niger Valley and eventually conqured the Soninke

Back 24

Malinke

Front 25

the people who lived along the middle Niger that built the Songhai empire

Back 25

Sorko

Front 26

the people of Ife that were a mixture of hunters, farmers, and traders

Back 26

Yoruba

Front 27

tracing your lineage, or descent, through your mother rather than your father

Back 27

matrilineal

Front 28

Pope Urban II's armed struggle to regain the holy land

Back 28

crusades

Front 29

a powerful empire that dominated much of Europe up until A.D. 500

Back 29

Roman Empire

Front 30

political system in which powerful leaders gave land to nobles in exchange for pledges of loyalty and service

Back 30

feudalism

Front 31

people who were bound to the manor and could not leave it without permission

Back 31

serfs

Front 32

economic system in which peasants provide services to a feudal lord in exchange for protection

Back 32

manorialism

Front 33

French for rebirth, a period in Europe from 1350 to 1600 during which a rebirth of interest in the culture of ancient Greece and Rome occured

Back 33

Renaissance

Front 34

device used to determine direction, lattitude, and local time

Back 34

astrolabe