History Ch. 5

Front 1

Who described the era of the 1700s as "enlightened"?

Back 1

Immanuel Kant

Front 2

What event revolutionized thinking and led to the Enlightenment?

Back 2

the Scientific Revolution

Front 3

"My trade is to say what I think." Who said this?

Back 3

Voltaire

Front 4

Which phrase best describes the concept of natural law?

Back 4

rules discoverable by reason

Front 5

How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau's beliefs differ from many Enlightenment thinkers?

Back 5

Rousseau believed the good of the community as a whole was most important

Front 6

Who were the physiocrats?

Back 6

French thinkers who focused on economics

Front 7

Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in favor of a policy of

Back 7

Laissez faire

Front 8

Which term describes the love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge?

Back 8

philosophy

Front 9

According to laissez-faire economist Adam Smith, a government should

Back 9

let free market forces drive the economy

Front 10

Who is the author of Leviathan?

Back 10

Thomas Hobbes

Front 11

During the Enlightenment, the governments and churches of Europe

Back 11

tried to stop new ideas by burning books and imprisoning writers.

Front 12

Which composer was a child prodigy who produced an enormous amount of music before his death at age 35?

Back 12

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Front 13

Rousseau argued what point in his writings about the natural human state?

Back 13

Rousseau believed people were basically good and had a natural innocence

Front 14

__________ toyed with implementing Enlightenment ideas while ruling Russia.

Back 14

Catherine the Great

Front 15

how did the French government react to the publication of the first Encyclopedia?

Back 15

The french government argued that it was an attack on public morals

Front 16

Which book is Mary Wollstonecraft known for?

Back 16

A vindication of the Rights of Woman

Front 17

During the Enlightenment, the ideas from the Middle Ages were done away with because

Back 17

They seemed unscientific and irrational

Front 18

Which group of people did Montesquieu's ideas affect most?

Back 18

the Framers of the U.S. Constitution

Front 19

Who ruled Austria during the Age of Enlightenment, ending censorship and abolishing serfdom during his reign?

Back 19

Joseph II

Front 20

Which phrase best describes the rococo style?

Back 20

lighter, elegant, and charming artistic style of the Enlightenment

Front 21

What difficulty did some women have with the philosophes' ideas?

Back 21

The philosophes' slogan, "free and equal," did not apply to women.

Front 22

Rulers who did accept some of the new ideas of the Enlightenment, but who continued to hold tremendous power, were called ________.

Back 22

Enlightened despots.

Front 23

Governments used __________ to protect themselves from the attacks of Enlightenment thinkers.

Back 23

censorship

Front 24

How did the Salons of the Enlightenment develop?

Back 24

A group of noblewomen began inviting friends to their homes for poetry readings.

Front 25

What rules discoverable by reason did Enlightenment thinkers try to apply to the study of human behavior and society?

Back 25

Natural law

Front 26

In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women and men should have equal

Back 26

Education

Front 27

Physiocrats supported a government policy of

Back 27

Laissez faire

Front 28

Enlightenment writers often faced censorship because they

Back 28

challenged the old order.

Front 29

An enlightened despot was a ruler who

Back 29

influenced political and social change.

Front 30

Which enlightened despot traveled among the peasants in disguise to learn about their problems?

Back 30

Joseph II

Front 31

Enlightenment thinkers were influenced by the idea of natural law that emerged from the

Back 31

Scientific Revolution.

Front 32

According to Thomas Hobbes, the best form of government is

Back 32

an absolute monarchy.

Front 33

The system of checks and balances in the United States Constitution was influenced by the ideas of which Enlightenment thinker?

Back 33

Montesquieu

Front 34

Diderot’s Encyclopedia was important because it

Back 34

spread Enlightenment ideas.

Front 35

Economist Adam Smith argued that, in a free market, business activity would be regulated by the forces of

Back 35

supply and demand.

Front 36

What Enlightenment thinker argued that the purpose of government is to safeguard the natural rights of the people?

Back 36

John Locke

Front 37

How did life change for most European peasants in the 1700s?

Back 37

Life was transformed by the Enlightenment thinkers.

Front 38

How did courtly art in the 1700s differ from art in the 1600s?

Back 38

It followed the personal, elegant style of rococo.

Front 39

Because of Voltaire's outspoken attacks on the abuses of his day, he suffered what consequences?

Back 39

Voltaire was imprisoned and forced into exile.

Front 40

What statement best describes Voltaire’s novel Candide?

Back 40

exposes corruption and hypocrisy

Front 41

Enlightenment writers sometimes tried to avoid censorship by

Back 41

disguising their ideas as fiction.

Front 42

Elegant compositions by Handel, Haydn, and Mozart reflected a new musical style of the Enlightenment known as

Back 42

classical

Front 43

During the Enlightenment, what argument did government and church officials use to justify their use of censorship?

Back 43

God set up the old order.

Front 44

The nation's first constitution was known as the

Back 44

Articles of Confederation.

Front 45

Where did the British war effort finally collapse?

Back 45

Yorktown, Virginia

Front 46

Which phrase best describes the principle of popular sovereignty?

Back 46

all government power comes from the people

Front 47

Who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence?

Back 47

Thomas Jefferson

Front 48

Which foreign nations came to the aid of the Americans during the American Revolution?

Back 48

France, Spain, and the Netherlands

Front 49

Why did the American colonists resent British rule?

Back 49

Britain imposed high taxes and controlled trade.

Front 50

Why was the American victory in the 1777 Battle of Saratoga significant?

Back 50

France was persuaded to join the Americans.

Front 51

__________ was a philosopher, scientist, publisher, legislator, and diplomat.

Back 51

Benjamin Franklin

Front 52

After signing which of the following documents did Great Britain recognize the independence of the United States?

Back 52

Treaty of Paris

Front 53

Why did Parliament pass the Navigation Acts in the 1600s?

Back 53

to regulate colonial trade and manufacturing

Front 54

Why did the colonists protest against "taxation without representation"?

Back 54

They were not represented in Parliament.

Front 55

Why did colonists hurl a cargo of British tea into the Boston harbor?

Back 55

to protest a tax imposed by the British

Front 56

Which Enlightenment idea was contained in the Constitution of the United States?

Back 56

the separation of powers

Front 57

Thomas Jefferson drew from which Enlightenment thinker's ideas when he wrote the Declaration of Independence?

Back 57

John Locke

Front 58

Enlightenment thinkers insisted that people and governments could solve every social, political, and economic problem by

Back 58

using reason.

Front 59

What city was the "heart of the Enlightenment"?

Back 59

Paris

Front 60

What new form of literature developed by the 1700s?

Back 60

novels

Front 61

Baron de Montesquieu wanted to separate the powers of government among three branches to

Back 61

prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

Front 62

What benefit did the 13 colonies on the eastern coast of North America bring Great Britain?

Back 62

They increased trade with Britain, and helped Britain expand its colonial territories.

Front 63

England became united with which areas to help facilitate its rise to global prominence?

Back 63

the United States and colonial islands in the South Pacific

Front 64

Which of the following statements explains why the 13 American colonies were important to the British empire?

Back 64

they allowed britain to apply mercantilist policies and to strengthen their own economy

Front 65

How did the British try to create alliances within the colonies?

Back 65

They courted the slaves.

Front 66

In the 1700s, British merchants gained enormous wealth by dominating what type of trade with Spanish America?

Back 66

slaves

Front 67

Which of the following British laws imposed taxes on such items as newspapers and pamphlets in the American colonies?

Back 67

Stamp Act

Front 68

Which of the following was an advantage of the colonists in the American Revolution?

Back 68

diverse geography

Front 69

The Constitution created a federal republic, which divided power between

Back 69

national and state governments.

Front 70

The idea of separation of powers in the Constitution was borrowed from Enlightenment thinker

Back 70

Montesquieu

Front 71

Because the American colonies were home to diverse reglious and ethnic groups,

Back 71

social distinctions were more blurred than in Europe.

Front 72

Britain passed the Navigation Acts to

Back 72

regulate colonial trade and manufacturing.

Front 73

The Battle of Saratoga marked a turning point in the American Revolution because

Back 73

the American victory convinced France to support the Revolution.

Front 74

American leaders gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise

Back 74

the Articles of Confederation.

Front 75

light and delicate artistic style popular during the reign of Louis XV

Back 75

rococo

Front 76

principle that all government power comes from the people

Back 76

popular sovereignty

Front 77

proposed the idea of separation of powers in government

Back 77

Montesquieu

Front 78

his government made policies that helped bring about the American Revolution

Back 78

George III

Front 79

argued that the forces of supply and demand in a free market can regulate business activity

Back 79

Adam Smith

Front 80

informal social gathering where Enlightenment thinkers exchanged ideas

Back 80

salon

Front 81

helped spread Enlightenment ideas by compiling articles by leading thinkers into a 28-volume work

Back 81

Diderot

Front 82

chosen to command the American forces during the American Revolution

Back 82

George Washington

Front 83

principal author of the Declaration of Independence

Back 83

Thomas Jefferson

Front 84

grand, ornate style of art and architecture popular during the age of Louis XIV

Back 84

baroque

Front 85

Compare the views of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke on human nature. How did these views influence their ideas on the proper role of government?

Back 85

discussion

Front 86

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.”
—Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776
Enlightenment thinker John Locke influenced the ideas in the Declaration of Independence. In the excerpt above, identify and describe the ideas that reflect John Locke’s point of view.

Back 86

discussion

Front 87

Identify three reforms made by enlightened despots.

Back 87

discussion

Front 88

If Britain had loosened its policies toward the colonies, do you think the American Revolution could have been avoided? Explain your reasoning.

Back 88

discussion

Front 89

Summarize several reasons why Britain was able to become a global power by the 1700s.

Back 89

discussion