History Ch. 3-8

Front 1

Mercantilism

Back 1

holds that a country's ultimate goal was self sufficiency and that all countries were in a competition to acquire the most gold and silver.

Front 2

Sir Edmund Andros

Back 2

appointed to rule New England, angered Puritans, restricted local assemblies and levied taxes without local input.

Front 3

Jonathan Edwards

Back 3

from Northampton, Mass. sought to revive intesity and commitment of the original Puritan vision. wrote "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God".

Front 4

Sugar Act

Back 4

created by George Grenville in 1764:
-halved the duty on foreign made molasses
-Placed duties on certain imports
-Strengthened the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court(non-colonial,less simpathetic)

Front 5

Pontiac

Back 5

recognized French loss was loss for Native Americans, led attack on 10 British forts in the Ohio Valley.

Front 6

William Pitt

Back 6

energetic, self confident politician; lead British army in F&I War, reinvigorated army

Front 7

Townshend Acts

Back 7

taxes on glass, lead, paint, and paper; as well as a three-penny tax on tea.

Front 8

Intolerable Acts

Back 8

-shut down Boston Harbor
-Quartering Act
-appointed General Gage as governor of Mass.

Front 9

Second Continental Congress

Back 9

debates on what action to take against the taxes and actions of Parliament in May of 1775

Front 10

Common Sense

Back 10

written by Thomas Paine, attacked George the III, urged the public to fight back against Britain

Front 11

profiteering

Back 11

selling scarce goods for a profit

Front 12

Friedrich Von Steuben

Back 12

a Prussian captain and talented drillmaster,trained Continental Army

Front 13

Marquis De Lafayette

Back 13

young French aristocrat, gave reinforcements for army, led a command in Virginia toward end of war

Front 14

General Charles Cornwallis

Back 14

British general, ended up surrendering to Washington's forces at the Battle of Yorktown

Front 15

Treaty of Paris

Back 15

ended war, peace treaty between America, Britain, France, Spain:
-US land went from Atlantic to Miss. River, Florida Border to Canada Border

Front 16

John Dickinson

Back 16

Congressional delegate from Delaware, his two rules became guiding principles for forming the new nation

Front 17

Articles of Confederation

Back 17

two levels of government shared fundamental powers, states represented with one delegate

Front 18

3/5 Compromise

Back 18

3/5 of a states slaves would be counted in the population

Front 19

Great Compromise

Back 19

created by Roger Sherman, bi-cameral(two-house) Congress:
Senate- equal representation
House of Representatives- rep.by pop.

Front 20

checks and balances

Back 20

prevented one branch from dominating others

Front 21

electoral college

Back 21

a group of electors chosen by the states to cast ballots for the candidates

Front 22

The Federalist(Papers)

Back 22

a series of 85 essays defending the Constitution, written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay,; published under the pseudonym Publius

Front 23

Bill of Rights

Back 23

10 first Amendments to the Constitution:
1)Freedom of religion, speech, press,assembly
2)Right to bear arms
3)No quartering troops
4)Freedom from search and seizure
5)Rights of accused persons
6)Right to a fair trial
7)Right to trial by jury
8)Limit On fines and punishments
9)Rights of the people
10)Power of states and people

Front 24

Judiciary Act of 1789

Back 24

created judicial structure in Supreme Court

Front 25

Washington's Cabinet

Back 25

Alexander Hamilton- Secretary of the Treasury
Henry Knox- Secretary of War
Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of State
Edmund Randolph- Attorney General

Front 26

Bank of the United States(BUS)

Back 26

issued paper money and handled tax receipts and other government funds

Front 27

protective tariff

Back 27

an import tax on goods produced in Europe

Front 28

excise tax

Back 28

a tax on a product's manufacture, sale, or distribution

Front 29

two-party system

Back 29

a political system dominated by two major parties

Front 30

Edmund Genet

Back 30

french diplomat who, instead of negotiations with the US gov't, began recruiting support for France against Britain

Front 31

Thomas Pinckney

Back 31

created treaty that gave Spanish land to the US, created the 31st Parallel

Front 32

sectionalism

Back 32

placing the interests of one region over those of the nation as a whole

Front 33

midnight judges

Back 33

Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration

Front 34

judicial review

Back 34

the ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.

Front 35

Louisiana Purchase

Back 35

included all the land drained by the western tributaries of the Mississippi River, bought for 15 million

Front 36

impressment

Back 36

the practice of seizing Americans at sea and "impressing", or drafting, them into the British Navy

Front 37

Treaty of Ghent

Back 37

declared an armistice between Britain and US, Christmas Eve of 1814

Front 38

National Road

Back 38

went from Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL

Front 39

Robert Fulton

Back 39

created the steamboat, Clermont, also called Fulton's Folly

Front 40

Adams-Onis Treaty

Back 40

Spain ceded Florida to the US and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

Front 41

Monroe Doctrine

Back 41

principles Prez Monroe said in his 1832 address to Congress

Front 42

spoils system

Back 42

incoming officials throw out former appointees and replace them with their own friends

Front 43

Indian Removal Act

Back 43

federal gov't provided funds to negotiate treaties that would force the Native Americans to move west

Front 44

Trail of Tears

Back 44

Cherokee journey of 800-miles to their new land

Front 45

Tariff of Abominations

Back 45

the 1828 tariff on manufactured goods that reduced British exports to the US and forced the South to buy more expensive Northern goods

Front 46

panic of 1837

Back 46

1837 bank closings and collapse of the credit system due to overproduction of paper money with no gold/silver support

Front 47

Charles Grandison Finney

Back 47

known for his "anxious bench"

Front 48

Second Great Awakening

Back 48

religious movement that swept the US after 1790

Front 49

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Back 49

transcendentalist

Front 50

Henry David Thoreau

Back 50

transcendentalist, wrote "Walden", went to jail for refusing to pay taxes to finance US war on Mexico

Front 51

civil disobedience

Back 51

instead of protesting with violence, they should peacefully refuse to obey those laws

Front 52

George Ripley

Back 52

founder of Brook Farm, a utopian community

Front 53

Dorthea Dix

Back 53

joined movement for social reform, reformed prisons and insane asylums

Front 54

James Forten

Back 54

millionaire, opposed slavery

Front 55

David Walker

Back 55

wrote "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World"

Front 56

William Lloyd Garrison

Back 56

wrote "The Liberator", urging immediate emancipation with no payment to slaveholders

Front 57

antebellum

Back 57

pre-Civil War south

Front 58

gag rule

Back 58

a rule limiting or preventing debate on an issue

Front 59

cult of domesticity

Back 59

housework and child care only proper activities for married women

Front 60

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Back 60

supported women's efforts

Front 61

temperance movement

Back 61

the effort to prohibit the drinking of alcohol

Front 62

Sojourner Truth

Back 62

Isabella Baumfree, abolitionaist and suffrage supporter

Front 63

National Trades' Union

Back 63

journeymans' organizations from six indutries