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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Judiciary Act of 1789
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a landmark statute adopted on September 24, 1789 in the first session of the First United States Congress establishing the U.S. federal judiciary. Article III, section 1 of the Constitution prescribed that the "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court," and such inferior courts as Congress saw fit to establish. It made no provision, though, for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving this to Congress to decide.
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Report on Public Credit
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was the first of three major reports on economic policy issued by American Founding Father and first United States Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton on the request of Congress. The report analyzed the financial standing of the United States of America and made recommendations for the retirement of the national debt. Commissioned by the House of Representatives on September 21, 1789 and presented January 9, 1790, this 140,000-word document was the first proposed federal assumption of debt owed by the states.
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Report on Manufacturers
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the third report of the American Founding Father and 1st U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. It was presented to Congress on December 5, 1791 and recommended economic policies to stimulate the new republic's economy and ensure the independence won with the conclusion of the Revolutionary War in 1783.
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Jay’s Treaty
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increased trade between the countries, and it averted another war—until 1812. This pleased both sides. Jay's Treaty gained the primary American goals, which included the withdrawal of units of the British Army from pre-Revolutionary forts that it had failed to relinquish in the Northwest Territory of the United States (the area west of Pennsylvania). (This area the British had recognized as American territory in the Treaty of Paris of 1783.) It was also agreed that disputes over wartime debts and the American-Canadian boundary were to be sent to arbitration. The Americans were also granted some rights to trade with British possessions in India and colonies in the Caribbean in exchange
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John Jay
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was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, a Founding Father of the United States, and the first Chief Justice of the United States. Jay served as the President of the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1779. During and after the American Revolution, Jay was a minister (ambassador) to Spain and France, helping to fashion United States foreign policy, and to secure favorable peace terms from Great Britain
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Implied Powers
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in the United States, are those powers authorized by a legal document (from the Constitution) which, while not stated, are seemed to be implied by powers expressly stated.
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Judicial Review
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the doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review, and possible invalidation, by the judiciary. Specific courts with judicial review power must annul the acts of the state when it finds them incompatible with a higher authority, such as the terms of a written constitution.
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Strict Construction
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refers to a particular legal philosophy of judicial interpretation that limits or restricts judicial interpretation. The phrase is also commonly used more loosely as a generic term for conservatism among the judiciary.
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Federalist Party
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an American political party in the period 1787 to 1816, the era of the First Party System, with remnants lasting into the 1820s. The Federalists controlled the federal government until 1801. The party was formed by Alexander Hamilton, who, during George Washington's first term, built a network of supporters, largely urban bankers and businessmen, to support his fiscal policies
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Pinckney Treaty
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also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River.
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Whiskey Rebellion
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was a resistance movement in what was the western part of the United States in the 1790s, during the presidency of George Washington. The conflict was rooted in western dissatisfaction with various policies of the eastern-based national government. The name of the uprising comes from a 1791 excise tax on whiskey that was a central grievance of the westerners. The tax was a part of treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to centralize and fund the national debt.
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Alexander Hamilton
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was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher. Aide-de-camp to General George Washington during the American Revolutionary War, he was a leader of American nationalists calling for a new Constitution; he was one of America's first constitutional lawyers, and wrote most of the Federalist Papers, a primary source for Constitutional interpretation.
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Henry Knox
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was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, and also served as the first United States Secretary of War.
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Edmund Randolph
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was an American attorney, the seventh Governor of Virginia, the second Secretary of State, and the first United States Attorney General.
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James Madison
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author of the United States Constitution, and is often called the "Father of the Constitution". In 1788, he wrote over a third of the Federalist Papers, the most influential commentary on the Constitution. The first president to have served in the United States Congress, he was a leader in the 1st United States Congress, drafting many basic laws, and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights".
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Charles Pinckney
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was an early American statesman of South Carolina, Revolutionary War veteran, and delegate to the Constitutional Convention. He was twice nominated by the Federalist Party as their presidential candidate, but he did not win either election
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General Anthony Wayne
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led troops to defeat a tribe in Indians in the Northwest Territory during the Battle of Fallen Timber
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John Marshall
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was the Chief Justice of the United States whose court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law while promoting nationalism and making the Supreme Court of the United States a center of power with the capability of overruling Congress, and was secratary of state under Adams
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Washington’s Farewell Address
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document in which Washington announced his retirement from the presidency and stated many of the issues within the country that must be dealy with such as the foreign affairs.
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Thomas Jefferson
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writer of the declaration of independence, served as secratary of state under George Washington, 3rd president of the United States
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XYZ Affair
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was a diplomatic event that strained relations between France and the United States, and led to an undeclared naval war called the Quasi-War
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Naturalization Law
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directed the clerk of the court to record the entry of all aliens into the United States. The clerk collected information including the applicant's name, birthplace, age, nation of allegiance, country of emigration, and place of intended settlement, and granted each applicant a certificate that could be exhibited to the court as evidence of time of arrival in the United States.
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Election of 1796
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was the first contested American presidential election and the only one to elect a President and Vice President from opposing tickets. John Adams elected president
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Election of 1800
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start of the period known as the peaceful revolution and Jefferson was elected as president after tieing with Aaron Burr
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Quasi-War
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was an undeclared war fought mostly at sea between the United States and French Republic from 1798 to 1800. began after the the creation of the XYZ affair
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Convention of Mortefontaine
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was a treaty between the United States of America and France to settle the hostilities that had erupted during the Quasi-War
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Treaty of Greenville
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was signed at Fort Greenville on August 3, 1796, between a coalition of Native Americans & Frontiers men, known as the Western Confederacy, and the United States following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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bills passed by Congress in which was intended to give more power to the federalists and take power away from the republican party, placed restrictions on immigrants and foreigners
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Virginia Resolution
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The Resolution stated that when the national government acts beyond the scope of the Constitution, the states "have the right, and are in duty bound, to interpose, for arresting the progress of the evil, and for maintaining, within their respective limits, the authorities, rights and liberties, appertaining to them."
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Kentucky Resolution
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used the term "nullification," which had been deleted from Jefferson's draft of the 1798 Resolutions, resolving: "That the several states who formed the Constitution, being sovereign and independent, have the unquestionable right to judge of its infraction; and, That a nullification, by those sovereignties, of all unauthorized acts done under color of that instrument, is the rightful remedy."
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