History And Systems Of Psychology

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Behavioral Approach

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"The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)" (Myers 5).

"How we learn observable responses" (Myers 9).

Watson and Skinner

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Cognitive Approach

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"How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information" (Myers 9).

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Humanistic Approach

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"Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth" (Myers 5).

Rogers and Maslow

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Biological Approach

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"How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences" (Myers 9)

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Psychodynamic Approach

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"How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts" (Myers 9).

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Evolutionary Approach

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"How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes" (Myers 9).

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Mary Ainsworth

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"Strange Situation" experiment; infant attachment styles

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Albert Bandura

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Bobo doll experiment; observational learning;

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Erik Erikson

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Stages of psychosocial development;

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Sigmund Freud

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Austrian physician;

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William James

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Functionalist; American philosopher

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Jung

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"Freud's disciple-turned-dissenter" (Myers 558); collective unconscious; psychoanalytic theorist; personality traits (led to MBTI);

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Abraham Maslow

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Humanist;

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Ivan Pavlov

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Russian physiologist

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Jean Piaget

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Swiss biologist

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B. F. Skinner

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American behaviorist; "rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior" (Myers 6);

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John B. Watson

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American behaviorist;

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Wilhelm Wundt

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Leipzig, Germany, 1879 (1832-1920)

"Founder of Psychology"

First psychological experiment; first psychological laboratory; philosopher and physiologist; experimental scientist; used introspection

Students: James Cattell, Edward Titchener, Hugo Munsterberg, Lightner Witmer (founder of clinical psych in the US)...

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Gestalt Principles

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"An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes" (Myers G-6).

German word meaning "shape/whole"

Proximity - "elements that are close together tend to be grouped" (Hothersall 212)

Similarity - "equal and similar elements form groups or wholes" (Hothersall 212)

Continuity

Connectedness

Closure - "our tendency to 'fill in' or complete the missing parts of a configuration" (Hothersall 213)

3 founders: Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler

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Alfred Binet

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Pioneer in modern intelligence testing; test of French schoolchildren's "mental age"

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Howard Gardner

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Theory of multiple (8) intelligences:

1. linguistic

2. logical-mathematical

3. musical

4. spatial

5. bodily-kinesthetic

6. intrapersonal (self)

7. interpersonal (others)

8. naturalist

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Charles Spearman

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One general intelligence (g)

"a general intelligence factor that, according to ******** and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test" (Myers 406).

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Robert Sternberg

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Theory of multiple (3) intelligences:

1. Analytical (academic problem-solving)

2. Creative

3. Practical

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WISC Intelligence Test

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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

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WAIS Intelligence Test

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

"The WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests" (Myers 418).

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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

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"The widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test" (Myers 416).

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James-Lange Theory of Emotion

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"The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli" (Myers G-7).

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Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

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"The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal" (Myers G-14).

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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

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"The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion" (Myers G-2).

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Facial Feedback

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Our facial expressions affect our emotions.

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Structuralism

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"An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind" (Myers 3).

Edward Bradford Titchener and Introspection

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Functionalism

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"A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish" (Myers 3)

William James and Evolution

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Mary Whiton Calkins

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Student of William James; first woman president of the American Psychological Association (APA)

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Margaret Floy Washburn

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First woman to receive psychology Ph.D.; studied under Titchener; wrote "The Animal Mind"; 2nd female president of APA

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Carl Roger

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Humanist;

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Hippocrates

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460 BC; Greek physician; "disease results from natural causes and must be treated using natural methods" (Hothersall 16); Hippocratic Oath (do no harm); theory of 4 humors

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Four Humors

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First theorized by Hippocrates

black bile (melancholic), yellow bile (choleric, easily angered, manic), blood (cheerful, optimistic), and phlegm (apathetic, sluggish)

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Socrates

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469-399 BC; "the unexamined life is not worth living"; Socratic method - "the teacher asks a series of questions designed to lead the pupil to truth by illustrating flaws in the pupil's reasoning" (Hothersall 24); Antiphon (first psychotherapist) used Socratic Method

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Plato

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427-347 BC; student and successor of Socrates; distinction between Forms and matter (sensation and perception?); allegory of the cave

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Aristotle

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385-322 BC; value of observation; memory theory - similarity, contrast, contiguity, frequency, and ease; human mind a blank slate (empiricism); 4 causes - material, formal, efficient, and final

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Rene Descartes

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1596-1650 AD; cogito ergo sum (I think, therefore I am); mind/body dualism

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Early Empiricists

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Thomas Hobbes; John Locke (tabula rasa, ideas [simple or complex] from sensation and reflection); George Berkeley (esse est percipi or "to be is to be perceived")

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Early Associationists

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David Hume (senso ergo sum or "I sense therefore I am"); David Hartley (predecessor of physiological psychology); James Mill and John Stuart Mill (human rights activist); Alexander Bain (founded Mind, the first psychological journal)

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Immanuel Kant

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1724-1804; nativist; a priori and a posteriori knowledge (precursor to nature/nurture?)

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Early Figures in CNS Study

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Robert Whytt; Francois Magendie and Charles Bell (Bell-Magendie law); Hermann von Helmholtz and Thomas Young (Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory of color vision); Luigi Galvani (electricity and frog muscles)

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Phrenology

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Began with Franz Joseph Gall, who claimed that "personality can be inferred from bodily appearance, especially the features of the skull" (Hothersall 89). Phrenology was also practiced by Spurzheim, and made popular by Fowler and Wells.

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Phineas P. Gage

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Railroad worker who had a rod shoot through his prefrontal cortex. "Part of Gage's brain had been destroyed, and his personality, emotions, and behavior changed beyond recognition" (Hothersall 101).

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James McKeen Cattell

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American student of Wundt; studied reaction times

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Edward Titchener

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American student of Wundt; structuralism (in contrast to functionalism and behaviorism); psychology = "science of the mind"; rigid empiricism; experimental psychology; consious experiences = sensations + images + feelings; first graduate student was Margaret Floy Washburn

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Hugo Munsterberg

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Student of Wundt; broader and less rigid than Titchener; "his was a purpose-oriented functionalist psychology" (Hothersall 160); established Germany's 2nd psych lab at Freiburg; interested in mental illness, forensic psychology, and psychotherapy; the founding of industrial psychology

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Early Views of Mental Illness

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Witch trials; "Old Bedlam" and other similar inhumane asylums; bloodletting, water cure, whirling cure, etc.;

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Early Advocates of Humane Treatment of Mentally Ill

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Phillipe Pinel - "father of scientific psychiatry"; reforms at Bicetre and La Salpetriere; The Wild Boy of Aveyron

William Tuke - York Retreat

Dorothea Lynde Dix

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Lobotomy

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A type of psychosurgery

3 main figures: John Fulton, Walter Freeman, and James Watts

50,000 + lobotomies performed in one decade in the USA!