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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three Domains of Development
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physical- size, appearance, function, health, motor
Cognitive- intellectual Emotional & Social- self understanding, relationships, morals |
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Periods in Development
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Prenatal: conception-birth
Infancy & Toddler: birth-2 yrs Early Childhood: 2-6yrs |
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Elements of a Theory
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statement that describes, explains, & predicts behavior
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basic issues in development
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continuous vs discontinues
one course or many nature vs nurture |
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continuous vs discontinuous
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gradually adding to the skills he already has (rounded hill) VS new ways of understanding emerge at specific times (stairs)
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one course of development or many
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universal or varies between children based on their personal and environment contexts. Combinations of these can result in different paths of change.
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Nature VS Nuture
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Are we born with it (genetics) or are we influenced by our environment (physical & social world)
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resilience children
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-ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats in development.
personal characteristics- biological endowed warm parental relationship Social support- strong bond to an adult community resources & opport. |
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medieval era; 5-15 century
16 17 18 |
children were vulnerable beings and of childhood as a distinct devlopmental period.
evil & stubborn, had to be civilized. tabula rasa-blank slate noble savages- sense of right & wrong |
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Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
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Basic trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame & doubt Initiative vs. guilt |
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Freud's Psychoanalytic
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children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.
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Freud's Psychosexual theory
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oral- babies sucking
anal- potty training phallic- same sex parent latency- same sex peers genital- puberty, sexual impulses, marriage & bearing kids |
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behaviorism
social-cognitive- Bandura Traditional behaviorism |
stimuli and response
modeling, imitation or observational learning- power source of development- lead to self-efficacy. classical, operant & social learning |
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Piaget's Cognitive-developmental theory
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children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world through 4 stages: sensorimotor, pre-, concrete & formal operational
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Information Processing
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precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks. is commitment to rigorous research methods.
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Ethology
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adaptive, survival, value of behavior and is evoluntionary history. critical & sensitive periods.
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Evolutionary developmental psychology
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seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional, & social competencies.
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Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory
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children acquire ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture through dialogues. FOCUS: on how the values, beliefs, customs and skills of a social group-transmit to next generation.
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Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
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views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment. Biological model.
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Ecological Levels & examples
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Microsystem- immediate surroundings (individual)
Mesosystem- connections b/t micro (family, day care, neighborhood) Exosystem- social settings; can affect child's experiences (work, health services) Macrosystem- affects the support they receive at inner levels of the environment. (laws, customs) Chronosystem- time related |
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Naturalistic Observation
-description -strength -limitation |
observes natural behavior. -reflects everyday behaviors.
-not all have same opportunity to display a certain behavior. |
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Structured Observation
-description -strength -limitation |
observes behavior in lab.
-each one has = opportunity to display behavior. -display untypical behavior NOT in everyday life. |
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Clinical Interview
-description -strength -limitation |
flexible interview that gets ones thoughts.
-great depth of thoughts, comes close to everyday thinking. -flexible results in hard to compare. |
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Structured Interview
-description -strength -limitation |
One is asked same ?, in the same way.
-effecive comparisons -subject to inaccurate reporting |
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Clinical, Case Study Method
-description -strength -limitation |
combined interviews, observations, & test scores.
-rich insight -bias |
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Ethnography
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participant observation of a culture or social group. extensive field notes.
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Correlational Design
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gathers info w/o alternating experiences & examines the relationship between them. NO cause & effect. Magnitude= #; closer to 1-stronger the Relation. Direction= - (variable incre, other decre) or + (variable incre, other incre);
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Independent VS Dependent Variables
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changes/manipluates- expected to cause change in another variable. VS
measures/not manipulated- expected to be influenced by indepen. variable. |
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longitudinal
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same participants studied repeatedly at diff. ages
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cross sectional
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participants of diff. ages all studied at the same time
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sequential
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several long. or cross sec. studies are conducted at varying times.
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Children's Research Rights
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protection from harm
informed consent privacy knowledge of results beneficial treatments * age 7- can give full explanation of the purpose of the research |
