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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diserali's Ministry's?
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1 year in 1868
1874-80 |
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Gladstones ministry's?
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1868-1874
1880-1885 1886 1892-1894 |
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Election Wins:
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1868-1873 Gladstone
1874-1880 Diserali 1880-1883-Gladstone 1886- Gladstone 1886- 1892 Lord Salisbury ( Con) 1892-1894 Gladstone 1894-1895- Rosebery (Lib) 1895-1902- Robert Cecil (Con) 1902-1905- Arthur Balfour ( Con) 1905-1908- Campbell-Bannerman ( Lib) 1908-1915- Henry Asquith |
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What was the second reform act of of 1867?
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Created by Lord John Russell (liberal pm).
Extended the vote to men who owened/rented property of £7. -In the counties those in rented propert with a value of £14. -400,000 more men had the vote. |
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Other reforms of Gladstones first ministry?
1868-1872 |
-Vote in local elections for women ratepayers (1869)
-Fosters Education Act (1870) -Cardwells Military Reforms (1871/3) -Universities Tests Act(1871) -Trade Union Act (1871) -Public Health Act (1872) -Judicature Act (1873) |
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Pressure Groups during Gladstone's first ministry?
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liberation Society- wanted diestablishment of CofE
National Education League- campaigned for free compulsary schools Joe Chamberlain was a key figure. -The Unitied Kingdom Alliance (1852) agaist alcohol , non-conformist -Trade Union Congress (TUC) |
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What was the Fosters Education Act of 1870?
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-Country was divided into school districts.
-Board Schools provided elementary education for pupils 5-12. Many were built where provision was inadequate and maintained through local rates. -School Boards- Elected by ratepayers, had control over attendance , had to pay fees for the poor. -Attendance at religous lessons was voluntary. |
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Army Reforms
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-Commander in cheif was anserable to secretary for war.
-12 year service was changed to 6 years active /6 years in reserve. -Replaced weaponary. -3 departments |
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How did Gladstone attempt to pacify Ireland ?
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Irish Church Act (1869)
Irish Land Act (1870) 2nd Irish Land Act (1881) Home Rule Bill (1881) |
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How/who did the Home Rule movement get support?
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Isacc Butt leader of the HGA
The Secret Ballot Act (1872) - allowed Irish voters to vote without fear of reprisal from their landlords. Gladstones failure to "pacify" Ireland during his first ministry. The Great Depression- Increased anti-British feeling. The Land League/HGA's pact. Charles Parnell. |
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Explain the Irish Church Act (1869)
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The Anglican Church was no longer the offical church of Ireland, it was no longer linked to state by law.
Catholics didn't have to pay tithes/taxeds to the church = :) |
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Explain the Irish Land Act (1870)
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Introduded the principle of fair rent.
Provided compensation for those tenants who made improvements. Secure tenancies as long as they kept up with their rent. Made provisions for tenants to sell their lease. |
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Explain the 2nd Irish Land Act (1881)
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Introduced the three F's:
Fair Rent, rent was decided by special land courts. Free Sale of leases- A tenant could sell their lease early. Fixed tenancy- a lease time was decided by landlord/tenant. This satisfied the Land League |
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Name some of Britains key industries?
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Iron , Coal , Steel and textiles.
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Improvements in Coal.
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In 1865 coal production was 98 million tonnes-> 130 mil tonnes (1875).
It was required for ships and railways. Most were privately owned and manual labour was how they procurred it. |
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Improvements in steel.
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Henry Bessemer's converter (1856) produced steel at half the price of production.
William Siemens Open Hearth Process (1866) produced mild steel in bulk and was cost effective. |
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Progress in agriculture.
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The industry was hit by the "depression" in 1873.
High farming increased production. Many specialised in crops,cattle. Porr drainage was was tackled byt the govt. loan schemes for farmers to invest in clay drainage an proper drainage systems. Poor wages |
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Living conditions
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Middle clas lived comfortably, they could afford furniture, servants , education and medical attention.
Poverty still exsisted, the real value of wages increased by 40%. By 1871, 65% population lived in urban areas. |
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Key economic thinkers of the time?
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Adam Smith- govt. intervention would hinder trade.
Laissez-faire. Jeremy Bentham-minimal govt. interference would make people happy. These suited ideas suited the Liberal party whom beleived in free trade. |
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Outiline Laissez-faire
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Emphasis ono the importance of the individual.
Everyone should have the oppurtunity to fulfill their potential. However, society tended to look down on those in poverty and regarded them as lazy. |
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Economic depression in 1873?
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More foreign competitors such as Germany or the USA who actually trained young people .
Manufacturing started to decline. The "golden age" in agriculture was over with poor harvests. Many consider the "great depression" a myth more of a slow down in the economy. |
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Define "Tory Democracy"
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The phrase coined by Diserali in 1874-
the conservative party maintained it's support of the monarchy, CofE, British Empire and social reforms, |
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Diseralis Social Reforms 1874-80?
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Artisans' Dwelling Act (1875)-
Local A could clear slum housing. Public Health Act- Local A had to provide adequate sewage, water, drainage. Sale of Food/Drugs- RUles for the preeration of food and it set up inspectors. Conspiracy and protection of property act- peaceful picketing legal. Employers & workman act- Both employers/workmen equal in cases of breach of contract. Merchant Shipping Act-Stop gap measure, stop ships from over loading. River Pollution Act- toxic substances not be dumped, prosecute offenders. Agricultural Holdings Act- Secured position of tenant farmers. Factory and Workshop Act (1878)- Local Authorities to inspect workshops employing under fifty people. |
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Key Foreign Policy dates
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1875- Diserali buys 7/16 share in Suez canal.
Eastern crisis begins. 1876- Queen Victoria is made Empress of India 1877-1879 Zulu war. 1878- Russian mission enters Afghanistan. 1877-Transvaal annexed 1878- Egypt Crisis, Gladstone sends troops. 1881-Brtish defeat at Majuba Hill (Boers) Sudan crisis 1883-5- Killer of Gordon (Gladstone) |
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Key events concerning the Eastern question.
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1876- Bulgarian attrocities.
June- Serbia/Montenegro declares war on Turkey Confere of Constinople ends with Russia declaring war on Turkey. 1878 Treaty of Stefano ends the crisis. |
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The Labour party 1906
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Viable alternative to current political parties.
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Liberal Revival 1902-1915?
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Campbell-Bannerman was a a compromise leader.
overcome divisions to fight and win 1906 election. Failure's of Balfours govt? |
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Balfours Education Act 1902
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Considerable acheivement.
Established state responsibility for secondary school. -School borads were abolished. -Financing and running of secondary schools were the responsibility of local education authorities (LEA) |
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Balfours First ministry,
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Trade Unions
Chinese Slavery farce Education Act (1902) |
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Growth of Unionism
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Uncertain economic climate.
Unskilled workers created new unions Social Democratic Federation encouraged workers to assert their rights. |
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Notable strikes
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Bryant and May Match Girls (1889)
wanted better work conditions , won. Gas Workers Union Strike- July (1889) - SDf member Will Thorne wanted 3x 8 hour shifts. Won Dockers strike 1889- Irregular/poor pay , organised a strike wanted 6 shillings. lasted 6 weeks. Won |
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Where did Labour come from?
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Trade unions/socialism
Independent Labour Party + Trade Union Congress. Neither Tories/Liberals satisfied recently enfranchised working class. 1892 (ILP) Keir Hardie/John Burns became MP's- wanted unions to work together to endorse the ILP. Taff Vale and lack of reform forced Unions to aknowledge they need representation in Parliment. |
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Taff Vale Case (1900)
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It was an Unoffical strike of the railway workers , they recieved backing from Amalagmated Society of Railway Servants.
The railway was left out of pocket-> sued the Union->WON-> unions scared to strike/wanted representation in parliment. |
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Exam Questions :
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‘In the years 1865 to 1915, the greatest threat to the Gladstonian Liberal Party was the rise of
organised labour.’ How valid is this view? To what extent was British policy in Ireland a success in the years 1874 to 1886? Explain why the Liberal Government decided to declare war in August 1914 To what extent was the departure of Lord Salisbury from government in 1902 the main factor in the ending of ‘splendid isolation’ by 1907? The Conservative government of 1874 to 1880 did more than the Liberal government of 1868 to 1874 to improve the condition of the working classes in Britain.’ How valid is this assessment? To what extent did British governments succeed in ‘pacifying’ Ireland in the years 1868 to 1914? |
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Why did the Home Rule Bill fail to pass?
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Lack of ally's- Lord Hartington and Chamberlain were against the latter resigned.
Cons opposed Divisions between protestants in Ulster/Catholic south 343-313 |
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Conservatives on Ireland
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Ashbourne Act (1885)- Set up 5 m fund for grieved land tennants
Arthur Balfour appointe Secretary for Ireland- Land Act (1887) Crimes Act (1887)- Boycotting, intimidation refusal to pay rent illegal. Later revoked when violence subsided. Introduced Public works- address unemployment. In 1891 33m set aside for peasants (tennants) to buy land. Andre Roberts "Balfour, Salisbury pacified Ireland for the medium term" |
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Diseralis Social Reforms
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Public Health Act
• Food and Drugs Act • River Pollution Act • Artisans’ Dwellings Act • Factory Acts • Conspiracy and Protection of Property (Trade Union) Act • Employers and Workmen Act • Sandon’s Education Act. |
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Gladstone's Foreign Policy during his first ministry
1865-73 |
Franco-Prussian War- (1870/1)
France was considered the aggressor. Belgian treaty- no one would make alliances/ invade Belgium Russia and the Black Sea Clauses- Bismark and the Tsar of Russia become allies -> persuades him to pull out of Black Sea Clause->Conferance of the Great Powers ( Jan 1871)-> no ocuntry had the right to withdraw-> Public opinion :( Settling of the Alabama Dispute- Paid 3.25 m to the americans over the dispute cost electoral support. |
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Reforms for children
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Provision of School Meals 1906
-made compulsary in 1914. Medical Inspections Act (1907) Childrens Charte (1908) |
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Reforms for the elderly.
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Old-Age Pensions Act (1908)
non-contributory pension of 5 shillings per week for people aged over 70. Many remained in poverty. |
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Peoples Budget 1909
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Income tax was to go from 1 shilling 5 pence to 1 shilling 6 pence in the pound those earning 3,000p.a
Increase on death duties taxed alcohol and tobacco 20% tax on land sale Made House of Lords :( so they threw the bill out which made Lloyd George :( |
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Parliment Act 1911
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Why: constitutional crisis after the budget was thrown out.
House Of Lords had no right to either amend or veto a money bill the speaker defined a money bill. General elections every five years. |
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National Insurance Act (1911)
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Health Insurance.
4d + 3d +2d. If earning under £160 py. Unemployment Insurance 2.5d+2.5d+3d=7 shillings pw x15 w |
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Mark Scheme Points.
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Level 3 : L3: Answers will show a good understanding of the demands of the question.
Assessment is brief lacking depth. Synoptic links are not developed. Some historical interpretations but vague 16/25 Level 4:good understanding of the demands of the question. Synoptic links show a good overall historical understanding. good understanding and use of differing historical interpretations and debate. Sound Judgement. |
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Historical Interpretations:
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Diseralis foreign policy by P.Smith
"used empire as an inspirational vision" P.Mathias on "Great Depression"whole tempo of industrial advance was slowing down" "railways enabled economic activity" R.E Foster suggests that Gladstones attempts to pacify Ireland were motivated by his religous beleifs. |
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Biological explnations for eating behaviour:
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Neural Mechanisms:
OB gene Hypothalamus Signals for starting a meal. Signals for the stopping the intake of food. Evolutionary explanations. Omnivores (ASP) senses. food neophobia taste aversion learning (TAV) morning sickness. |
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Research Into the OB gene...
Coleman in 1950 gave info on mice and Friedman who in 1994 isolated molecules , London then in 2007 used it on fattys. |
Coleman (1950) - deficency in the ob gene makes mice lethargic and fat.
Ob mouse + Db mouse = mouse looses weight. application ? ethics? Friedman (1994)- Isolated the satiety molecule Leptin. London et al (2007)- gave leptin replacement to 3 obese patients with Ob gene mutation -> normalised weight. Used MRI scans + food cues = lower brain activity in areas of the brain associated with appetite. small sample :( not the solution otherwise all obese patients would be given it :( |
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Hypothalamus :
Both studies like to lesion rat brains. But it's rats so who cares? There's nothing worse than a fat rat. |
Hetherington and Ranson (1942)-
a lesion on a rats Ventromedial hypothalamus caused it to over eat and become obese. Suggests the area is vital for controling food intake. Anand and Brobeck (1951)- a lesion the Lateral Hypothalamus led to a loss of feeding behaviour. Increase Glucose -> Ventro Hyp ON-> Satiety -> eating stops -> decrease Glucose -> Lateral Hyp ON -> HUNGER -> Eat :D |
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Signals for Starting a Meal
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Cultural Schedules-
In the west there's set schedules , the digestive system produces saliva and enzymes around this time. Ghrelin- Stomach hormone it increases as your stomach becomes empty. Cummings ( 2006) Blood Ghrelin levels before/after feeding. @ their highest before , lowest 70 mins later. |
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Signals For Stopping!
STM/LTM+ Cck |
Short Term- the presece of food in the stomach signals fullness to the Satiety (brain)
Food leaves and hormone Cck is realesed opposite effect of Ghrelin, injections in animals/humans reduced meal size. Long Term Body Weight- humans regulate their body weight in the LTM. Fat reserves a major factor in this. |
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Evolutoinary, Senses
(Taste and Smell) SUBSS |
Sweet- carbs = energy
Umami- good source of protein Bitter- prescence of plant chemicals that could be toxic Sour- Gone off food/bacteria Salt- needed in hot climates and for cell production AIDS- cultural bias (sour) -> chinese food sweet/sour. |
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omnivores
(ASP) |
Advantages of eating meat :
Rich source of protein, more efficent than plants large occasional kills meant less time feeding. -Skills and and larger brain. - social , navigation and co-operation skills. Preventing food poisoning- major source of food poisoning , humans learnt how to cook and preserve food -use of spices preserved meat , especially in hot places. Stanford (1999) based on research in chimpanzees , human intelligence related to the sharing of meat Kendrick (198) provides support that meat is associated with a short lifes spans. |
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Food Neophobia-
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Fear of new food.
Children in particular don't like new food e.g broccoli , but broccoli is dutty. It's adaptive because in the EEA you wouldn't know if food was poisonous. * we like food after being exsposed a couple of times Frost (2006) |
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Name three areas of aggression
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Social Psychological approach to aggression.
(SLT,DEIN, INSTI') Biological Explanations of aggression (hormones, neural, genetics) Aggression as an adaptive response (evolutionary explanations for infidelity/jealousy + group displays) |
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Name two social psychological explanations for aggression
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Deindividuation
Social Learning Theory |
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How was Deindividuation explained by those two guys?
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Lebon- we stop thinking as an individual -> collective mind = loss of inhibitions
Festinger was like that aint right , he suggested in groups we feel anonymous and this reduces inhibitions. think panoroma and the nursing home |
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Name three studies that support Deindividuation.
prison+warriors+weirdo's in a dark room |
Zimbardo (1973)- guards became deindividuated through uniform (glasses) loss of inhibitons (extreme aggression)
Watson (1973)- warrior disguise + levels of aggression 24 cultures more disguised more aggressive why? they were anonymous Gergen et al (1973) 6 men/ 6 women - 1st 15 mins they were polite - 45 mins "got physical" Results= 80% felt aroused (wtf) loss of inhibitions because of the darkness |
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AIDS/weaknesses of the studies
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Zimbardo - high eco validity/ ethics/application
Watson- as it's across 24 culture it supports NATURE , suggests it's part of human behaviour ? Gergen-small sample->low pop v. psychology as a science? |
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How does SLT explain aggression?
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1. they observe model carrying out thei behaviour.
2.They remember this behaviour. 3.need the opputunity to reproduce it 4. rewarded for the behaviour role models? same sex/ethnicity |
