History 8A Id's

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altepetl

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and sovereign Nahua state; in central Mexico, gernerally local ethnic states the spaniards were to call pueblos. became municipalities after the conquest and are sometimes called towns

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andes

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mountain ranges located int eh south america, located in the inca empire

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Antonia Vieria

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Jesuit preist who was leading intellectual in portugal and Brazil and encouraged black to accept their fate as foreign dominated and that their lives resemble of jesus

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Atahualpa

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las emporer of the incan empire

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Aztec

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enpire that consisted of a triple alliance: MexicoTenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan

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Bahia

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sugar harvesting region in Northeast Brazil

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Bartolome de las Casas

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wrote several volumes on antive peoples in americas and affirmed that they possessed highly civilized cultures; said natives societies lagged behind Europeans in some respects like technology, but were mostly equal; supported his ideas on accounts based on his own experiences in the indies

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Bernal Diaz del castillo

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Spanish conquistador who wrote an account of the conquest of Mexico under Cortes

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Bernardino de Sahagún

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complied the 12 books of the Florentine Codex, wanted to leave the Nahuatl language text untouched

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Bozal

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type of slave: new arrival from Africa

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cabildo

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Spanish-style municipal council, body of political officers

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cacique/cacica

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Indian ruler derived from Arawak term; Nahua tlatoani, Mixtec yya tonine or Maya batab; in late colonial Spanish, any prominent indigenous person; female indigenous ruler

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compañia

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companies in Spanish; what the spanish called their armed expeditions as in joint-investment ventures. A few wealthy men would make the whole investment and hire the rest of the members for the conquest

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corregidor

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often used as a synonym for alcalde mayor, though at time indicating higher rank

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criollo/a

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an African born outside of Africa and not familiar with European culture

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Cuauhtemoc-

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Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan from 1520-1521

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Curaca

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male indigenous hereditary ruler in Andean region

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Cuzco

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center of the Incas, became an important city of highland Peru under the Spaniards

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don/doña

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high title attached to the first name of a male/female (like sir or lady in english)

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encomendero

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holder of an encomienda grant

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encomienda

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grant usually to a Spaniard of the right to receive tribute and originally labor from the population of an existing indigenous unit through existing mechanisms

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engenho

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Portuguese term for sugar mill/plantation

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Española

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refers to Spain

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Fazenda

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Portuguese plantation, estate, or farm

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Florentine Codex

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12 books of the tlatelolcan view of the Spanish conquest

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Franciscans

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friars who came to Mexico a few years after the conquest and dedicated themselves to studying indigenous life, learning native languages, interacting with people, and writing about it

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Garcilaso de la Vega, el Inca-

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Peruvian historian who wrote about Incan history, culture, and society; attempted to reconcile the great Inca past with the Spanish conquest

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Juan Ginés de Sepulveda

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humanist who attempted to legitimize just war in the Indies by applying Aristotle’s theory of natural slavery to the Indians; spoke of Indians in terms of brutish pigs who did not possess individual property

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Hacienda

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Spanish word for estate; plantations, mines, or factories; aimed for self-sufficiency

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Inca

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empire based in Cuzco; also called Andes

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Indies

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term used for Spaniards and Portugese for the Western Hemisphere and especially those parts they occupied themselves

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Inquisition

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widespread attempt to convert many to Christitianity

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just war

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justification of the conquerors’ acts of aggression

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ladino/a

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a slave fluent in Portuguese

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lavradores

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sharecroppers who owned their own slaves; located in Brazil

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limpieza de sangre

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“purity of blood,” political device of extortion and control, often against “New Christians” and ethnic others; certificate used to prove their family’s Christian origins

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Malinche

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Nahuatl speaking woman who the Spaniards met on the coast and served as the interpreter between Moteuczoma and Cortes; Cortes ultimately made her his mistress

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mameluco/a

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Brazilian term for person of mixed European and indigenous descent, or any person of mixed racial origin

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Maya

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sedentary peoples of the Yucatan peninsula

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Inca

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empire based in Cuzco; also called Andes

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Indies

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term used for Spaniards and Portugese for the Western Hemisphere and especially those parts they occupied themselves

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Inquisition

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widespread attempt to convert many to Christitianity

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just war

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justification of the conquerors’ acts of aggression

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ladino/a

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a slave fluent in Portuguese

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lavradores

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sharecroppers who owned their own slaves; located in Brazil

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limpieza de sangre

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“purity of blood,” political device of extortion and control, often against “New Christians” and ethnic others; certificate used to prove their family’s Christian origins

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Malinche

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Nahuatl speaking woman who the Spaniards met on the coast and served as the interpreter between Moteuczoma and Cortes; Cortes ultimately made her his mistress

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mameluco/a

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Brazilian term for person of mixed European and indigenous descent, or any person of mixed racial origin

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Maya

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sedentary peoples of the Yucatan peninsula

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Mesoamerica

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term referring to extended culture area from central Mexico south to Guatemala (sometimes including Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua), region containing cultures w/ a great many common elements

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mestizo/a

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person of mixed Spanish and indigenous ancestry

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Mexica or Tenochca

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one of the altepetl of the empire of the Aztecs

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Mexico Tenochtitlan

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capital city of the Mexica, located in Lake Tetzococo

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Mixtec

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term adopted from Spanish Mixtecos that is based on the original Nahuatl designation for the culture group of Oaxaca who call themselves Nudzahui

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Mita

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clear system of taxation and labor service

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morisco/a

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person of Moorish descent, usually from Spain

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Moteuczoma

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the ruler of Mexico Tenochtitlan; gave gifts of gold and precious things to Spaniards upon their arrival in return for goods and an alliance

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Motolinía

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one of the first friars to arrive in New Spain; his chronicle of the conquest involved discussion of the 2nd and 3rd plagues; approved use of force in converting unwilling Indians to Christianity

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mulatto/a

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person of mixed African and European descent; used in the 16th century for mixtures of Africans with any other group

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Nahuatl

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language of the indigenous people of Mexico/Aztecs

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New Laws of 1542

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created to prevent exploitation of indigenous people by encomenderos by strictly limiting their power during the Spanish colonization of the Americas

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Potosí

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silver mining site in Charcas, largest and most productive in the Indies

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Quechua

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native language of the indigenous peoples of the Andes

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Quinto

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traditional obligation paid to the Crown (1/5 of all metals)

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Reconquista

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period of time when Christian kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula began conquering numerous kingdoms and converting them to Christianity; rallying cry for Christian territorial expansion

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repartimiento-

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most frequently, labor draft based on indigenous mechanism of rotary labor service

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Requerimiento

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Christian chain of command/ speech that Spaniards were supposed to read when they initially encountered natives

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Seville

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major trade capital; Spanish firms in Seville sent merchandise directly to American ports

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Taino

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indigenous peoples of the Bahamas and the Lesser Antilles

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Tlatelolco

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altepetl that lived on the same island as Tenochtitlan and Mexica, known for fighting off the Spaniards upon their arrival

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Tlatoani

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dynastic ruler of an altepetl

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Tlaxcala

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one of the states of the Mexican republic; allied with Spanish to defeat the Aztecs

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Trunkline

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region where most commercial production took place in the Americas

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Tupac Amaru

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last indigenous leader of the Incas

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Tupí

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indigenous group that inhabited Brazil upon the arrival of the Portuguese

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Viceroy

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leaders of the Spanish-states in the New World