History

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Tribunes

Back 1

Plebians’ chosen representatives to government that the patricians accepted because they feared a revolt.

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Twelve Tables

Back 2

the plebians got the patricians to establish these as a basis for all future Roman law.

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Coloniae

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Military settlements connected by several roads established to defend strategic areas

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Huns-

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A group of nomadic warriors led by Attila who attacked from Eastern Europe and ravaged Italy until the plague sent them in retreat.

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Pax Sinica

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400 years of prosperity and stability, where the government stored surplus food to prepare for years of poor harvests that coincided with the Pax Romana in the West.

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Moksha

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The ultimate aim of life for Hindu’s, the release from the pain and suffering of rebirth after rebirth.

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Punic Wars-

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A series of wars where Rome defeated Carthage which established them as masters of the Mediterranean World.

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Civil Service

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A system of testing and examination of ability in a desire to draw talented people into government.

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Etruscan

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People who ruled northern and central Italy form the 900’s to 500’s BC, before their own lower classes and other Italian peoples rebelled and established the early Roman Republic.

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Karma-

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governs whether or not a soul gains release from this world, focusing on how our deeds affect our future lives.

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Qin Shihuangdi

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Organized the empire in to districts and appointed governors. His harsh rule led to killings and book burnings in China.

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Siddharta Gautama

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He renounced wealth and privilege to search for truth and enlightenment.

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Vishnu

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known as the preserver and embodiment of mercy

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Julius Caesar

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Great leader who was assassinated by a group of Roman senators

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Tiberius Gracchi

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Tribune who struggled for the rights of the poorer Romans, his assassination would start a trend of political instability.

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Wudi

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6th Han emperor, very talented and ambitious

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Asoka

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Mauryan ruler whose life was changed by the sight of a bloody battlefield.

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Nero-

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Stepson of Claudius, he was cruel, egotistical and probably insane; as emperor he nearly bankrupted the government and committed suicide after killing his family.

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Buddha

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differed from Hindu beliefs because he denied the existence of any gods, rejected the idea of karma and reincarnation, believed that priests were unnecessary, and rejected the caste system.

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Laozi

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founder of “the way”; taught that nature was key to everything.

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Diocletian

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attempted to halt the decline of the Roman power by passing the Edict of Prices and dividing the empire into two administrative units.

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Hannibal

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He took the war to the Romans in Italy before the invasion of his home forced a retreat.

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Constantine-

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- His rule spread the influence of Christianity and religious tolerance in the Roman Empire.

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Confucius

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taught that people should live according to principles of ethics which included 5 essential relationships and ethical principals and respect for parents, elders, and the past.

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Octavian

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the grand-nephew of Julius Caesar, who defeated two rivals for control of the Roman government, established himself as ruler for life and Rome’s 1st emperor in 27 BC.

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Augustus

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What Octavian renamed himself.

Front 27

Define the Edict of Prices and explain why they were significant.

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• The edict Diocletian froze wages and set maximum prices for goods.
• The penalty for breaking the law was death
• His effort failed completely showing how he had no power or control over the empire.

Front 28

Describe the importance and impact of three of China’s inventions or “firsts”

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• Paper- first used for wrapping and clothing and then recognized it as an ideal writing material. It benefited the government because documents could be easily shared.
• Irrigation system- fertilizing helped farmers produce enough to feed China’s population.
• New canals and roads- reduced the cost of distributing food and spread ideas quickly.

Front 29

Describe early India’s social system (how it categorized people) and how the Buddha felt about it.

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• Varna- one of four main social classes in Aryan society of Ancient India
o Brahmans- (Priests)- Study and teach he Vedas, performed religious ceremonies, to please Aryan deities and ensure welfare of people
o Kshatriyas- (Warriors/Rulers) Study the Vedas, lead government, and head army
o Vaisyas- (Common people: merchants, artisans, farmers)- Tend herds, care for land, make and sell useful products
o Sundras- (Unskilled Laborers, servants)- Serve other varnas

• Buddha rejected the varna system. He thought that a person’s place in life depended no the person, not on the person’s birth.

Front 30

Describe at least two of the factors that led to the decline and fall of the Roman Empire (focusing on political, economic, and social aspects) and explain how those factors led to the decline:

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Format:
• Introduction
• Body Paragraph 1- First Factor
• Body Paragraph 2- Second Factor
• Conclusion