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344 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a king or queen who holds all the power and controls everything in their states' boundaries are called
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absolute monarch
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absolute monarches believed in what which said god created the monarch
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divine right
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what did edict of nantes say
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huguenots could live in peace in france and worship freely
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true or false, the edict of nantes cut back on religious tolerance
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false
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religious wars raged between the huguenots and who from 1560 to 1590
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french
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the edict of nantes was issued by who and allowed the huguenots to do what
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issued by Henry IV and allowed huguenots to set up own houses of worship
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Why did Cardinal Richelieu not let protestant cities have walls and weakened noble's powers
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to increase power of bourbon monarchy
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what effect would Richelieu's not letting protestant cities have walls cause
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protestants such as huguenots would not be able to defend themselves
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to limit the power of the hapsburges in Spain, richelieu of france started what war
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30 years' war
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under henry iv, did government power increase or decrease
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increase
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even though henry iv restored french monarchy to strong position, why did people hate him
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for his religious compromisesthe ide
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the idea that nothing can be know for certain is called what
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skepticism
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the efforts of henry iv and richelieu paved the way for what ruler
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louis xiv
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who was the most powerful ruler in french history
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louis xiv
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when louis xiv took power, he immediately weakened the power of what group
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nobles
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louis xiv strengthened the power of intendants. who were they?
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collected taxes and administered justice
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Jean baptiste Colbert was the minister of finance for what french ruler
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louis xiv
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Jean Baptiste Colbert of france believed in mercantilism. what is it and why did he believe in it
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manufacture of everything needed to prevent wealth from leaving country
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why did thousands of huguenots flee france under louis xiv
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he cancelled edict of nantes
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This is where louis xiv palace was build and also became center for the arts
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versailles
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how did louis xiv try to expand france's borders
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by invading neighboring spanish netherlands
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war of the spanish succession was when several countries joined together to prevent union of what two countries
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france and spain
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although louis xiv created a powerful country rich in art and military, what was the negative side
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palace of versailles and constant war put country in debt
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who were russian boyars
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nobles who owned land
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why did ivan the terrible turn against boyars
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said poisoned his wife
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when and where did time of troubles occur
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in russia, when ivan terrible died and his 2nd son incapable of ruling
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who restored order to russia after time of troubles
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Romanovs and Peter the great
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why did peter the great take a long trip to western Europe when he became ruler
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learn European customs and manufacturing methods
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in westernization, who was peter the great trying to copy and why
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copy western europe to make russia stronger
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what did peter the great think was key to russia's progress
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education
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why did peter the great fight sweden to gain part of the baltic coast
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to have a seaport to make it easier to travel to the west
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name 2 way peter the great westernized russia
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introduced potatoes into diet
ordered nobles give up traditional clothes started first newspaper |
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Charles I of England was forced to sign Petition of Right which aimed to do what
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make law more important than king
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What group did Charles I of England offend and why
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puritans by upholding rituals of anglican church
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what 2 groups fought the English civil war and what were they called
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supporters and opponents od King charles
supporters-royalists, cavaliers opponents-puritans, roundheads |
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when peter the great took the throne, economy depended on who
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serfs
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why did peter the great build city of st. petersburg
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wanted city on a seaport
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what was the main cause of 8 civil wars that were fought in France from 1562 to 1598
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religious differences between catholics and protestants (Huguenots)
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who became first king of bourbon dynasty
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henry iv
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who was known as sun king
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louis xiv
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who was a writer who became a skeptic and developed essay form
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Rene Descartes
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who was a protestant prince who became a catholic king in France
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Hentry iv
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who were government agents who collected taxes and administered justice
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intendants
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what was the conflict prevented union of french and spanish thrones
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war of spanish succession
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what king increased power of intendents
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louis xiv
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what was declaration of religious tolerance issued by henry iv and canceled by louis xiv
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edict of nantes
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who was minister to louis xiv who drove nobles to rebel
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cardinal mazarin
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who was minister of finance to louis xiv who believed in mercantilism
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jean baptiste colbert
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who was minister to louis xiii who tooks steps to strengthen power of monarchy as expense of huguenots and nobility
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cardinal richelieu
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who was the general the puritans found to help defeat the supporters of charles 1
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oliver cromwell
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cromwell and the puritans brought charles 1 to trial for what
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treason against parliament
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who ruled after king charles was executed
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oliver cromwell
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even though cromwell was a strict puritan, he favored religious tolerance for all christians except whom
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catholics
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who did cromwell allow to return to england after being expelled
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jews
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after cromwell dies, who does parliament ask to rule england
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charles ii
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why is the rule of charles II called restoration
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restored monarchy after cromwell's rule
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during whose rule did parliament pass habeas corpus
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charles II
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this document guaranteed that a rule couldn't put someone in prison for opposing him
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habeas corpus
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why did whigs oppose james II as heir to charles II
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he was catholic
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what group supported james II and which opposed him
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tories- supported
whigs- opposed |
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How did James II offend his subjects
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by displaying his catholicism
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what is the bloodless overthrow of James II called
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glorious revolution
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who overthrew James II
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daughter mary and her husband william
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why were william and mary asked to overthrow james II
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he was catholic and they were protestant
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what is a constitutional monarchy
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where laws limited the ruler's power
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under whose rule was there a constitutional monarchy
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william and mary
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to make clear limits to monarchy's power what document was created by English parliament
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bill of rights
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name two things in English bill of rights
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can't suspend parliament's laws or their freedom of speech
can't levy taxes with parliament approval |
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cabinet was created to solve disagreements between which 2 parties
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ruler and parliament
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who was english cabinet made up of
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government ministers or officials
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What began when charles II took throne
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restoration
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this king lost english civil war
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charles I
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this king was tried and put to death
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charles I
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this catholic king was replaced by william and mary
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james II
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puritan leader who ruled england after the end of the english civil war
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oliver cromwell
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this document made clear the limits on royal power after the glorious revolution
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bill of rights`
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this king of england came to power as a result of the glorious revolution
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king willaim
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this king of scotland inherited elizabeth I's throne
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james I
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this prevented monarchs from jailing people for political reasons
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habeas corpus
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this was adopted to prevent disagreements between monarchy and parliament
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cabinet system
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what were two important political changes resulting from glorious revolution
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no longer could be absolute monarchy because laws to limit power
both parliament and ruler needed consent of other |
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what city gave russia the "window on the sea"
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st. petersburg
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peter I believed russia's prosperity depended on
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warm water port
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one of russia's great reformers was
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peter the great
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the enlightenment was an intellectual movement that did what
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stressed reason and power of individual to solve problems
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how did the scientific revolution spur on the enlightenment
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made scholars look at old notions about other parts of society
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difference between hobbes and locke on human nature
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hobbes-humans selfish and wicked
locke- people could learn and improve |
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difference between hobbes and locke on purpose of government
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hobbes-government to keep order
Locke-protect rights |
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difference between hobbes and locke on where government's power comes from
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hobbes- people should hand over power to strong ruler
Locke-consent of people |
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difference between hobbes and locke on form of government
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hobbes-absolute monarchy
Locke-democracy |
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what is hobbes' social contract
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agreement of people to hand over power to government in exchange for law and order
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3 natural rights of locke
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life, liberty, property
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5 main beliefs of the philosophes
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reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty
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what is the philosophes belief of reason
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truth could be discovered by reason or logical thinking
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whiat is the philosophes belief of nature
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things that are natural are also good
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what is the philosophes belief of happiness
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people should seek happiness on earth and not afterlife
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what is the philosophes belief of progress
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society and humankind can improve
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what is voltaire defending in "I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it
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liberty
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what two ideas of Montesquieu became the basis for the U.S. constitution
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separation of powers
checks and balances |
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what does montesquieu's separation of powers refer to
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power is separated between different branches of government
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what does montesquieu's checks and balances refer to
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different branches of government make sure that other branches don't become too powerful
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rousseau believed that the only good government was freely formed by who
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the people
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under rousseau's ideas, people agree to give up some of their freedom to favor of what
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the common good
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rousseau inspired leaders of what revolution
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french revolutin in 1789
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what does enlightenment thinker beccaria believe should be abolished
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torture
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what did mary wollstonecraft fight for
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women's equality
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name two long term effects of enlightenment
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social and scientific progress
rise of more secular nonreligious outlook rise of individualism |
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what were the salons of france
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social gatherings to discuss ideas of enlightenment
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what 2 things helped spread ideas of enlightenment all over europe
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salons
diderot's encyclopedia |
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as a result of enlightenment, art form changed from baroque to what
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neoclassical
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the artistic style of neoclassical was what
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simple and elegant
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during the enlightenment, voltaire tried to convince monarchs to rule how
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in a just manner
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what was the name of the monarchs who embraced ideas and reforms of enlightenment
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enlightened despots
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name the 3 most important enlightened despots
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frederick II/the great
Holy roman emperor joseph II catherine the great |
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name 2 things frederick the great did as an enlightened despot
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granted religious freedoms
reduced censorship improved eduction |
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even though frederick the great was an enlightened despot, what was one thing he did not do
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did not try to end serfdom or change social order
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Joseph II went further than frederick the great as an enlightened ruler, what did he do
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ended serfdom
granted freedom of worship to everyone including Jews |
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even though catherine the great was an enlightened ruler, why was her rule disappointing
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only limited reforms ever put in place
crushed rebellion of serfs |
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the declaration of independence was based on what
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ideas of enlightenment
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who's ideas influenced the declaration of independence most
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john locke
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what country set up first trading outposts on coast of africa
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portugal
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by exploring africa's east coast, vasco da gama discovered a direct sea route to where
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india
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what was treaty of tordesillas
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gave spain and portugal different claims in atlantic ocean
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what was line of demarcation
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imaginary line in atlantic ocean dividing areas for spain and portugal to claim
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what country first built a bustling trading emire through indian ocean
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portugal
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what country began to take over portugal's control of indian ocean trade
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dutch (republic of netherlands)
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concert of europe was alliance set up by metternich to ensure what
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european nations would help each other if revolution broke out
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list 3 ways u.s. constitution reflected ideas of enlightenment
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limited government powers
power divided among 3 branches bill of rights provides freedom of speech and religion |
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what idea of locke's is the declaration of independence based on
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all men created equal
right to rebel against unjust ruler |
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what was 2 reasons for european exploration
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new sources of wealth
spread christianity |
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why did england, spain, and portugal try to find direct sea route to asia
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to bypass italian merchants who resold asian items at high prices
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what technological advances made european voyages of discovery possible
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caravel (sturdy vessel with triangular sails)
beter navigation techniques magnetic compass |
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what was napolean's last bid for power called
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hundred days
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what defeat ended napoleon's last bid for power
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battle of waterloo
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what was congress of vienna
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meetings of rulers to establish long lasting peace after napoleon
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at congress of vienna, prince mettrnich had 3 goals, name one
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prevent future french aggression
restore balance of power restore royal families to thrones |
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why did metternich want to restore balance of power to europe after napoleon
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so no country would be threat to others
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what was principle of legitimacy
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rulers driven from thrones by napoleon should be restored
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what did holy alliance try to combat
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future revolutions in europe
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name one reason why napoleon invade russia
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russian czar won't stop selling grain to britain
both france and russia are interested in poland |
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when and why does russia practic scorched-earth policy
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when napoleon invades, russian army retreats and burns grain and kills livestock so nothing for french to eat
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rather than surrender moscow to napoleon, what did alexander do
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destroyed it by fire
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when did napoleon's enemies take advantage of his weakness
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after most of his army was killed when retreating from moscow
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why did napoleons new army fail when britain, russia, and prussia joined forces against him
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new army was inexperienced and untrained for battle
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how did napoleon come back to power
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louis xviii was unpopular. peasants thought he would undo land reforms of revolution
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what did napoleon's continental system try to accomplish and how
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prevent communication between britain and rest of europe by closing ports
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why did U.S. start war of 1812
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angered by britain forcing them to sail to british port in retaliation for napoleon's closing ports
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why was britain's blockade more effect than france's
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britain had stronger navy
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3 mistakes napoleon made that led to his downfall
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continental system against britain
peninsular war with spain invasion of russia |
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peninsular war was fought by who
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spanish guerillas (peasant fighters) against french armies in spain
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why did peninsular war between spain and france start
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france removed spanish king and people were worried france would attack church
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what reform of the french revolution did napoleon ignore
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changes haveing to do with religion
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what was the napoleonic code
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uniform system of laws
which eliminated injustices |
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how did the napoleonic code affect individuals
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limited their liberty
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in the napoleonic code what was considered more important than individual rights
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order and authority
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what did napoleon want to control in addition to france
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no, wnat to control rest of europe and americas
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why did napoleon decide to sell louisiana territory to u.s.
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get money
punish britain |
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what was the one major battle napoleon lost in his conquest of europe
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battle of trafalgar off coast of spain
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who was the one major enemy left for napoleon to conquer in europe
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britain
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why does napoleon divorce his wife josephine
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could not bear him a child to be heir
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who seized power when french directory lost control and confidence of people
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napoleon
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what is coup d'etat
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sudden seizure of power
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what is plebiscite
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vote of the people
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how does napoleon try to fix french economy
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more efficient ways to collect taxes
end government corruption |
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what are lycees
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government run public schools to provide trained officials
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who was the concordant an agreement between
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napoleon and pope pius
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what did the concordant agreement between napoleon and pope pius recognize
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recognized the church but not its control in government affairs
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who ruled during the reign of terror
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robespierre
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how did robespierre justify use of terror
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allow french cities to remains true to ideas of revolution
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up to 40,000 were killed during robespierre reign of terror. why is it ironic that many were peasants or middle class
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revolution was supposed to benefit them
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what 3 parts was the new government created by french national convention made up of
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2 houses of legislature
executive body-directory |
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what was the french directory
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executive body created by french national convention
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why did austria and prussia want france to restore louis xvi to power
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were afraid revolution's ideas would spread across europe
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what was september massacres
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angry french citizens raid prisons and muirdered nobles and priests
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why did angry french citizens murder nobles and priests in prison during september massacre
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were afraid they planned to break out of prison and seize paris
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french radicals were responsible for the legislative assembly getting rid of who and what
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got rid of king and constitution
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what did the radical jacobins want
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change in french government
get rid of king |
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the national convention was the new governing body of France that got rid of who
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king
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who did the national convention try for treason and put to death
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king louis xvi
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why did robespierre remove sundays from new calendar
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considered religion dangerous
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what idea did locke contribute to consitution
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government comes from people
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what idea did montesquieu contribute to constitution
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separation of powers
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what idea did rousseau contribute to constitution
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direct democracy
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what idea did volatire contribute to constitution
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free speech
religious tolerance |
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what idea did beccaria contribute to constitution
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accused have rights
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what was great fear
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wave of panic throughout france
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in the great fear, what group struck out against what other group
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peasants struck out against upper class
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the french declaration of rights reflected whqat document
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declaration of independence
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the french national assembly creaged the legislative assembly. what power did it have
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power to create laws
approve wars |
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what french people wanted to undo the revolution
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emigres, nobles and others who fled france
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who were sans-culottes and what did they want
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paris workers and shopkeepers who wanted french revolution to bring great change
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name effect of repeated invasions of western rome by germanic invaders
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trade disrupted
downfall of cities nobles retreat to rural areas |
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what is religious community built by church in rural areas called
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monastery
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when gregory I became pope, in what way did he broaden pope's authority
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by broadening it beyond a spiritual role
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the development of french and spanish from latin parrallels the breakup of what
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rome
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the medieval period was also known as what
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middle ages
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what years were the middle ages
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500-1500
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what is a traveling poet-musician called
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troubadour
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after a raid where would the vikings return to
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sea
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how does manor system work
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lords give serfs housing/land/protection
serfs tend lords land/animals |
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name four levels of feudal pyramid
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peasants
knights landowners king |
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what is a vassal
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wealthy landowners in feudalism
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who defends the lord's lands
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knights
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who does king and nobles appoint in lay investiture
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church officials
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what is a lord's estate where everything needed is produced called
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manor
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whose policies did otto I follow
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charlemagne
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who did otto I form alliance with
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church
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who was leader of franks
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clovis
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what did clovis as leader of franks bring to region
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christianity
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what is a lord
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landowner
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for receiving protection, a lord granted land called what
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fief
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why were royal agents sent out by charlemagne
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made sure powerful landholders governed justly
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who is a count
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powerful landowner
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what was the name of the ideals that said knights fight in defense of feudal lord and heavenly lord
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code of chivalry
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religious officials under the pope's authority were called what
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clergy
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a peasant who labor belonged to a lord is called what
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serf
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what did a knight receive in return for military service
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fief
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vassals are people who receive what
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fief
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Northmen and Norsemen is another name for what
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viking
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where did vikings come from
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scandinavia
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the church's system of justic to guide people's conduct was called what
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canon law
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before a knight becomes full-fledged at 21, what roles does he serve
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page
squire |
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why did feudalism arise after charlemagne's death
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as sons fight for control
carolingian kings lose power |
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what is an important religious ceremony called
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sacrament
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what viking explorer reached north america 500 years before columbus
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leif ericson
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what 2 invaders followed the vikings
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magyars from east
muslims from south |
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why did people turn to local rulers as a result of invasions by vikings, magyars, and muslims
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king couldn't defend lands
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the magyars did not did not conquer land, what did they take instead
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captives to sell as slaves
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what treaty divided charlemagne's empire tinto 3 kingdoms
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treaty of verdun
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feudalsim arose because of what
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loss of strong rulers followed death of charlemagne
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a clan is a group related by what
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common ancestor
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how did charlemagne build a great empire
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by conquering new lands and reuniting western europe
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who did the pope make "king by the grace of god"
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pepin the short
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another name for mayor of the palace
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major domo
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who became the major domo and the most powerful person in frankish kingdom
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charles martel
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pepin the short began what empire that ruled the franks
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carolingian empire
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charles martel or charles the hammer held more power than who as major domo
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the king
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in the battle of tours, who do charles martel defeat
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muslim raiders
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a church tax paid by peasants is called what
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tithe
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what 2 things accounted for the decline in viking invasions
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accepted christianity
wamring trend allowed more to farm |
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how did a warming trend contribute to a decline in viking invasions
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invaders spent time farming instead
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in gelasius' 2-sword theory, who held what type of power
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emperor held political power
pope held religious power |
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what did pope gregory vii ban
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lay investiture
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the italian monk benedict wrote a book of strict rules for what
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monasteries
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italian monk benedict's sister wrote a book of strict rules for what
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convents
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who ruled the holy roman empire
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otto I
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what was important to advancement in bureaucracy
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education
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trained civil service or those who run government is called what
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bureaucracy
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example of way papacy became secular
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church money was used to build armies and repair roads
also negotiated peace treaties |
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2 reasons learning declined when germanic invaders invaded rome
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invaders couldn't read and write
families moved to rural areas |
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the age of vikings and magyars called dark age, what was age that followed this
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age of faith
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what led the spiritual revival of the age of faith
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monasteries
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simony
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selling positions in church
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how were friars different than monks
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didn't live apart from others in monasteries
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in 1100's, the style of church architecture changed from romanesque to what
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gothic
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the age of faith inspired what holy wars
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crusades
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what pope called for a holy war or crusade
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pope urban II
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what city was captured during first crusade
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jersusalem
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who was jersusalem captured from during first crusade
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muslims
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what was goal of third crusade
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recapture jerusalem from muslim leader saladin
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after barbarossa drowned and augustus returned home, who was the only monarch to lead the third crusade
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richard lion-hearted
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what did the truce with mulslim leader saladin after third crusade say
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muslim's control jersusalem but christians could come to jersusalem and visit holy places
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the reconquista was effort by spanish to drive who out of spain
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muslims
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someone whose beliefs differ from teachings of church is called what
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heretic
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humanism focused on what
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human potentiaL
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was renaissance society spiritual or secular
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secular
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how can renaissance art be characterized
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realism painted with 3 dimensions (perspective)
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machiavelli advised rulers that it was ok to do what
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mislead people
lie to opponents |
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in his book utopia, thomas more tried to show a better model of what
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society
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when the renaissance spread to england in mid-1500s, it was called what
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elizabethan age
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most famous writer of elizabethan age
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shakepeare
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the renaissance moved away from ideas focused around what
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church
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instead of obeying pope boniface, what did king philip iv of frabce do
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put him in jail
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who caused great schism
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2 popes
italian pope in rome french pope in avignon |
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what path did bubonic plague take
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along trade routes
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another name for bubonic plague
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black death
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what countries fought hundred years war
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england and france
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hundred years war began when elngalnd's edward II claimed the right to what throne
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french throne
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where did renaissance begin
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italy
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what was renaissance the revival of
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art and learning
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renaissance scholars looked down on art and literature of middle ages and watned to return to learning of who
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greeks and romans
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humanish and secularism of renaissance was a social cause of what
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renaissance
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what technological advance contributed to renaissance
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printing press
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as renaissance began, leaders challenged who's authority
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pope
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name an economic cause of renaissance
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jealousy of church's wealth
merchants didn't like paying taxes to church |
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what was a religious cause of renaissance
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corruption of church leaders
sales of indulgences |
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what is an indulgence
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religious pardon
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luther criticized indulgences and wanted a full reform of what
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church
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edict of worms declared who an outlaw and heretic
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luther
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protesting princes who supported luther came to be called what
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protestants
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what did the settlement of Peace of Augsburg allow each ruler to decide
|
religion of his state
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the anglican church set up by elizabeth tried to please what 2 religious groups
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protestants and catholics
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what type of government did calvin think was ideal
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theocracy
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who controls a theocracy
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religious leaders
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jesuits watned to convert nonchristians to catholicism and stop spread of what
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protestantism
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why did hery VIII create his own church
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to annul his marriage
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council of trent had to do with reforming what
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catholic church
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who were conquistadors
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spanish explorers
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name a famous conquistador
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cortes
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who does cortes conquer in mexico
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aztecs
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under the encomienda system, spanish landlords received rights to whose labor
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native americans
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spanish priests spoke out against the harsh pattern of labor of what system
|
encomienda system
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when spanish government abolished encomienda system, where did colonies get their labor
|
africa
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a mestizo is an offspring of what 2 groups
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spanish and native american
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atahualpa was the last native ruler of what empire
|
incan empire
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|
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where did conquistador francisco pizarro invade
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south america
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|
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england, france, and netherlands becaome interested in american colonies and ignored what treaty
|
treaty of tordesillas
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treaty of tordesillas divided land in the atlantic between what two countries
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spain and portugal
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unlike the english, french colonists had no great desire to do what in american colonies
|
occupy them, just want to extract wealth from them
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name of 1st english settlement
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jamestown
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what did puritans seek in new world
|
religious freedom
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dutch holdings in north america were known as
|
new netherland
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as english colonists expanded westward to french areas, this resulted in
|
french and indian war
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|
|
what was middle passage
|
voyage that brought africans to west indies and north america
|
|
|
what was the first leg of the triangle of trade
|
europeans brought manufactured goods to africa or rum and other goods brought from new england to africa
|
|
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what was 2nd leg of triangle of trade
|
african slaves brought to west indies or north america
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|
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what was 3rd leg of triangle of trade
|
sugar, coffee, tobacco from west indies to europe
|
|
|
what was columbian exchange
|
food, plants, animals from americas to rest of world
and livestock from europe to americas |
|
|
capitalism is based on what
|
private ownership
|
|
|
why do investors buy shares of stock in joint-stock company
|
to combine their wealth with others for common purpose
|
|
|
in mercantilism, a country's power depended on what
|
wealth
|
|
|
mercantilism says a nation can increase it's wealth in what 2 ways
|
get gold and silver
establish a favorable balance of trade |
|
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how is a favorable balance of trade established
|
sell more than buy
|
|
|
the desire to spread what faith was an important reason for age of european exploration
|
catholicism
|
|
|
besides spreading catholicism, what was main reason for age of european exploration
|
new sources of wealth
|
|
|
prince henry the navigator used his personal fortune to support portuguese voyages of exploration were
|
coast of africa
|
|
|
an expedition by magellen claimed philippine islands for what country
|
spain
|
|
|
by 1600 what country had the largest fleet of ships in the world to become a leading sea power
|
spain
|
|
|
the voyage that brought captured africans tow west indies and later americas was called what
|
middle passage
|
|
|
what 2 changes in european economy occurred at the time of crusades
|
increased food production
development of guild |
|
|
usuary is the sin of what
|
christian lending
|
|
|
what occupation did christians enter when church relaxed rule on usuary
|
banking
|
|
|
did the population of towns increase or decrase as trade grew in middle ages
|
increased
|
|
|
what is a burgher
|
merchant who live in towns
|
|
|
vernacular is everyday language that began being used by who
|
poets
|
|
|
scholar thomas aquinas argued that logical argument could be used to prove what
|
religious truths
|
|
|
during crusades, european contact with muslims sparked a revival in what
|
learning
|
|
|
isabella and ferdinand of spain sued the inquisition to suppress what
|
heresy
|
|
|
in 1492, ferdinand and isabella expelled what groups of people
|
jews and muslims
|
|
|
as a result of the 3-field system and a switch to horses, what increased
|
food production
|
|
|
what result did the switch from oxen to horses to plow field have
|
more land could be plowed
|
|
|
what was organization of individuals in the same occupation
|
guild
|
|
|
guilds enabled merchants to do what
|
control number of goods produced to keep prices up
|
|
|
expansion of trade and business in medieval society called what
|
commercial revolution
|
