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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many men did General Washington have in 1776, 1778, & 1783?
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--4,000
--7,000 --15,000 |
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How many soilders did the English have?
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25,000 to 35,000
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Washington is habitually short on men throughout the war.(T/F)
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True
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Where is our metallic wealth stored today?
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Fort Knox
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Major General Henry Knox
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--quarter master general
--in charge of all supplies --report to washington many problems w weapons |
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What were some of the problems w the Continental Army's weapons?
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--1 of 4 has no gun
--guns lack standardization --no bayonetts |
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What marks the European way of fighting?
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--good marching
--quickly reloading (9 steps to reload) |
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What colony does not have ocean access?
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Vermont
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British Northern Campaigns
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1776-1779
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British Southern Campaigns
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1779-1783
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How long does it take the British to switch from fighting in the North to fighting in the South?
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3 months
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Washington held a draft to obtain soilders. (T/F)
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False; there was no draft only volunteers
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What did Washingtons army consist of?
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Volunteers
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How much did army volunteers get paid in Washington's army?
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$2.50
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What were Federal bounty hunters?
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Track down volunteers that skip town
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What were two main advantages the colonies had in the war?
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--Moral advantage (England invaded the colonies)
--Phantom/Stealth army |
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What was the Phantom/Stealth army?
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--Milita
--Helps Washington fight --Cannot go beyond county borders |
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What did the militas do?
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--Help washington fight
--Scout good offensive areas --Spy --Supplies and gather wounded |
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What happend to any civilians found hiding American Soilders or Milita?
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--Land was burned
--Oldest male hung in front of home |
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Where do the British soilders go to on ships in the winter of 1779 &1780?
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Charelston, South Carolina
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Major General Lord Charles Cornwallace
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--British comander
--Very agressive |
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How many men did Washington when the British soilders went south?
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3,000 men
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Nathaniel Green
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--U.S. commander
--3 major battles in 7 days --wins all 3 |
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Calvary Colonel Tarelton
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British
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How did Tarelton loose the trail of the main Continental army?
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Greene left a small group of soilders behind as a decoy
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How do you integrate ameturs with professionals
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Great leadership
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What are two geographic advantages the colonists had?
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--Size of the 13 colonies
--Highly decentralized |
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What is the best way to defeat a country?
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Capture the capital city
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What were the 4 largest cities in the 13 colonies?
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--Charleston
--Philidelphia --New York --Boston |
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In 1777 the Continental Congress went were?
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Set up in a bar in Philidelphia for 2 years
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How will Washington win this war?
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By outlasting the British
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Why was the Declaration of Independence put together?
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To ask for help from European countries
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What 3 countries are willing to help the 13 colonies?
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--Little Holland
--Little Switzlerland --FRANCE |
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Why is France willing to help the 13 colonies?
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--French hate English
--French lost Canada |
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What is the significance of France helping the 13 colonies?
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--Can provide supplies
--Can provide a Navy |
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Why did Ben Franklin go to France?
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--Talk to King Luis about help
--He's fluent in French --Louis would not talk to Franklin said Count Vergenns |
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Why would King Louis not talk to Ben Franklin?
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--Louis wants proof the colonies can go the distance
--Also wants proof the colonies can win a battle |
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How did Ben Franklin make his money?
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--Almanac w/ sayings ea. day
--French agent for merchants (10% off top) |
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What part of France did Ben Franklin go to?
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Versailles (Most famous place in the world from all the treaties)
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The English sent a letter to Europe; what did it say?
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--This is our domestic affair
--England will declare war on anyone that helps the colonies |
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What year did the Americans loose battle after battle?
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1776
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What happens in the Fall of 1777
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--Philidelphia falls to British
--Loose 3 of 4 major cities in the colonies |
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John Burgoyne
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--British General
--Has British soldiers in Canada --Overtakes Hudson River |
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Howe
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--British General
--Not working together w/ Burgoyne |
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Horatio Gates
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--Colonist from Polland
--Military engineer --Designed forts and bridges |
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Colonel Benidict Arnold
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--Local hero on horse
--Held hostage by soldiers --Sunck out to help colonists and was shot off horse |
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Battle @ Saratoga
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--Most important battle of war
--Capture over 5,000 English officers and men |
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Letter of Parole
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British must sign and leave the colonies forever
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Captian John Paul Jones
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--Takes letter from Wash to Franklin
--Franklin is able to create a treaty of friendship |
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What is the treaty of friendship between France and the Colonies called?
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--Franco-American Treaty
--Feb. 1778 |
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When do the colonies become an independent country?
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When France enters the war; this recognizes us as an independent country
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Who named us the United States of America?
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Thomas Paine
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How does Washington protect his POWs?
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--Eye for an eye
--He will kill a British soldier of equal rank |
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France gives the colonies what?
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Arms and ammunition
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What does france give the colonies?
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--Ships
--medals --gun powder --guns |
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What were continentals worth after the war?
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Nothing
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Leive
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French coin (one ounce of gold)
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Guilder
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Holland coin (one ounce of gold)
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By 1783, how much money had France AND Holland given the colonies?
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--France- 7 million leive
--Holland- 2 million guilder |
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What year did France send military officers to the colonies?
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1778
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Anthony Wayne
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Calls for bayonett battle @ night
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Benidict Arnold
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--Trader
--Tried to turn over West Pointe to British for Generalship in British Army |
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When did West Pointe become a military academy?
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Thomas Jefferson reopened it during his presidency during 1800s
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Count DeLafiet
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--Starts w/ 8 men
--By end of war he is in charge of Washingtons favorite regiment (1,000 men) |
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Barren Von Steuben
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--6' 6'', 300 pounds
--Best military trainer in Europe |
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French Navy
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--2nd best Navy
--Looking for English ships --Invade English India |
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What is the main problem w/ the British command structure?
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--Only Aristocratic officers
--No cooperation --All in the war for themselves |
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Why is New York so geographically important?
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Controlls the mouth of the Hudson River
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New York
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--Largest city (5,000)
--Taken over by British and colonists pushed out |
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General Howe & Admiral Howe
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--English brothers
--Won most efficient battle in NY (Hudson) |
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What did Count De Lafiet do @ Yorktown?
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--Held off Cornwallices army till reinforcements came from France and Washingtons Army
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Yorktown Pinnensula
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--Washington wins 2nd most important battle
--Cornwallice surrenders --Year 5 of war |
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What year does British Parliament vote against continuing the war?
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1781-1782
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2nd Treaty of Paris
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--1783
--Ends Revolutionary war --Grants US independence |
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Government of _______ not _____.
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Laws; not men
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Our law is what?
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--Constitution
--Constitutional Democracy |
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1st Constitution
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Named the Articles of Confederation
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Articles of Confederation
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--Written during war
--Distributed in 1777 for okay --4 yrs to ratify (1777-1781) --13 of 13 ratified |
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Who was not protected by the Articles of Confederation?
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--Black slaves
--Native Americans |
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One state, one vote, all votes equal
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Articles of Confederation
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What was the problem w/ the Articles of Confederation?
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Founding fathers made Articles of Confederation too weak; Too much responsibility and not enough power
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How did the new government get money, w/o taxes, under the Articles of Confederation?
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--Voluntary contributions (Virginia)
--New York (never paid taxes) |
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What did Merill Jenson say was the most dangerous period in American history?
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--1783-1789
--Not working together --13 seperate colonies |
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Why did the 13 colonies never get along?
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--Territory
--Trade wars |
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What created economic depression after the war?
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--Had to find new markets
--States put up tariffs |
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What happend when Washingtons army was unable to protect Georgia from the Indians?
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Spain offers protection if Georgia will seperate; Georgia almost seperates
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Cumberland Gap
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--Goes West
--Daniel Boone (helps settle people) |
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The Articles of Confederation worked out great for the Colonies. (T/F)
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False; it failed the American people
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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Once a state gained 60,000 residents it was eligible for the Union
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What was needed once a state gained 60,000 residents?
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--Write a State Constitution
--Free public schooling --Ban on slavery in the North |
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State wide meeting of 1786
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--Revise Articles of Confed.
--Constitution too weak to solve problems |
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Rebellion in Western Mass.
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--2nd round of taxes
--Shay's Rebellion |
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Shay's Rebellion
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--Part of washingtons army
--Leads farmers into town to protest 2nd round of taxes |
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What was the greatest meeting in American history?
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Constitutional Convention of 1787
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Constitutional Convention of 1787
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--Revise Articles of Confed.
--55 well known men --Closed Convention --Constitution #2 (Todays) |
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Who was @ the Constitutional Convention?
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--Washington & Madison
--Ben Franklin & John Adams --Alexander Hamilton --Thomas Jefferson |
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Who was the president of the Constitutional Convention?
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--Washington
--Also 1st Pres. (8 yrs) --Owes back taxes on plantation |
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Alexander Hamilton
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--Adopted by Robert Schuyler
--Law school --Colonel in Cont. army --1st Secratary of Treasury |
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Who was the father of the Constitution?
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James Madison
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Who was sent to England to smooth things over and stayed for 5 years?
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Jonn Adams
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Thomas Jefferson
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--Minister of France
--Lawyer, etc, etc, etc --Declaration of Independence --1st Sec. of State |
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Where did the idea of states not colonies come from?
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Romans
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Mass. model of 1780
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--Mass. state constitution
--Approved by the people in 1780 after being rewritten because of taxes |
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Montesquien dilema
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--Can people govern themselves w/ democracy
--Enlightenment thinker --Democracy cannot exist |
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Who said democracy CAN exist?
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--James Madison
--Creates divided govt. (2 equal parts) because all men are greedy |
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What two equal parts are the government diveded into?
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--Legislative Branch (Congress)
--Executive Branch (President) |
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Why did Madison create a govt of checks and balances?
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--Constant war between President & Congress
--No room for a conspiracy |
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What power does Congess have?
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--Make laws but it takes time to make them
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President powers
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--Power of veto
--Power is reactive to what has happened |
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How is the House of Representatives divided up?
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--Divided by state size and population
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What two branchs are Congress broken into?
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--Senate
--House of Representatives |
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Robert Sherman & William Patterson
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--Little states
--"Great comprimise" |
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What was the "Great comprimise"
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--Virgina plan House of Reps
--2nd upper House of Reps (Senate) |
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How does the Senate work?
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1 state 1 vote but one state equals 2 votes
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Where did the name for the Senate come from?
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Roman senate
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What was the other "Great compromise"?
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Judiciary Branch (Supreme Court)
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Why did the founding fathers think the new Constitution was too conservative?
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--Worried about peoples rights
--Voted against Bill of Rights (worried about future rights missed) |
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The Bill of Rights was created at the end of the Constitutional Convention. (T/F)
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False; NO Bill of Rights @ the Constitutional Convention
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The Constitutional Convention produced a brand new document in what year?
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1787
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Who was worried about the power of the new Constitution?
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--Everyone
--Rich (fight the Constitution) --State govt. (want to retain power) |
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How many states must ratify the Constitution to set the new government in motion?
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9 colonies/states (2/3rds)
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What happens as soon as the 9th state ratifiys?
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--Govt. is in effect
--Elect President & Congress members |
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What state refused to ratify the Constitution?
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Rhode Island
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What made Rhode Island finally ratify the Constitution?
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The possibility of being recognized as a foreign country
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What was the first order of business for the new Congress?
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--Bill of Rights (2 months)
--Needs Ratification |
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The Constitution was written by mostly ______ & written in ____ ______.
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Lawyers; Old English
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What is a Constitution?
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Recipe for Govt.
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The new Constitution is big & powerful. (T/F)
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True
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John Jay
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--Helps Madison and Alexander Hamilton
--Chief justice of early Supreme Court |
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How does John Jay help Madison?
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Breaks Constitution into small parts (81 Articles) so people can understand it
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What name did the writers of the 81 articles write under?
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Publius
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What does Alexander Hamilton write about in the 81 articles?
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--Military
--Treasury |
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What does Madison write about in the 81 articles?
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Politics
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What was the name of the book written by Publius?
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--Federalist Papers (81 articles)
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What is Federalist paper #10 and who wrote it?
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--Article #10
--Most important --Checks & Balance system |
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The Federalist Papers were extremely popular. (T/F)
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True
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What was the Founding Fathers strategy for ratification of the Constitution?
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--Run New York immed. after Virginia
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Who created the strategy for ratification of the Constitution?
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Erin Burr
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Why was New York the key to ratification of the Constitution?
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--Largest
--Most powerful --Richest |
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What convinced New York to ratify the Constitution?
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--Headlines "Virgina the most powerful in the union"
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New York ratifies the Constitution by how many votes?
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500
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All the other states follow Virginia and New Yorks lead except which state?
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Rhode Island
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What year did the Constitution recieve 2/3 state participation?
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1788
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Who killed Alexander Hamilton?
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Erin Burr
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Articles of Confederation
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13 states 13 votes; First frame of Govt. from 1781-1788; provided weak federal govt and was replaced by the Constitution
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Shays Rebellion
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War vetran Daniel Shay and 1,200 others attempted to prevent courts from seizing property from indebted farmers
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Constitutional Convention
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--Meeting in Philly 1787
--12 colonies represented --Revise Articles of Confed. --Produced new Constitution |
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Bill of Rights
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--First 10 ammend. to Const.
--Guarantee individual rights --1787 --10th w/ emphasis on State |
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Division of Powers
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The division of political power between the state and federal governments under the U.S. Constitution
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Antifederalists
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--Opponents of Constitution
--Limitation of individual and states rights --Led to the Bill of Rights |
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The Federalist Papers
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--1787-1788 if favor of Const.
--85 essays that appeared in the New York Press written by AH, JM, & JJ under Publius |
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Federalist Party
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--One of first two political party
--Led by GW, JA, & AH --Favored strong central govt. |
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The Great Compromise (Connecticut compromise)
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The upper house would have equal reps. for ea state and the lower houst would be apportioned by population
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Virginia and New Jersey Plans
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Differing opinions @ the Constitutional Convention
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New Jersey Plan
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Wanted one legislative body w/ equal rep for ea state
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Virginias Plan
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--Strong central govt.
--Two house legislature apportioned by population |
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Bunker Hill
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--1st major battle
--June 17th 1775 --Took place @ Breeds Hill |
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Hessians
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German soldiers paid to fight for British in the war
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Battle @ Saratoga
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--October 17th 1777
--Major defeat of British General John Burgoyne and 5,000 troops @ Saratoga, NY |
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Who was the General for the Continental army @ the battle of Saratoga?
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Horatio Gates
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Who was the hero @ the battle of Saratoga?
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Benedict Arnold
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Battle @ Yorktown
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--Last battle of war in Virginia
--Sept 3, 1783 --Cornwallice & 7,000 British troops surrender |
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Peace of Paris
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--2nd Treaty of Paris
--Sept 3, 1783 --Recognizes American indep. --Established borders |
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General William Howe
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Captured New York and Philidelphia
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General John Burgoyne
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Moved troops south from Canada and recaptured Fort Ticonderoga
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General Charles Cornwallis
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Established a base at Yorktown
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Admiral Richard, Lord Howe
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Landed a British Naval fleet in New York harbor
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General Henry Clinton
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Forced the surrender of Charleston, South Carolina
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Banastre Tarleton
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Massacred patriot forces in battle of Waxhaw
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General Horatio Gates
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Commanding General @ Saratoga
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General Nathaniel Greene
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Directed operations in the South
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Benedict Arnold
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Hero of Saratoga
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Daniel Morgan
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Led the victory @ Cowpens
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Thomas Sumter
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Excelled in guerilla warfare
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General Henry Knox
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Quarter Master General (Supply guy)
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Abraham Buford
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Patriot leader at battle of Waxhaw
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Admiral de Grasse
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Young French aristocrat
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Friedrich Von Steuben
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Turned the Continental Army into a formidable fighting force
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Ben Franklin
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American commissioner in France
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Marquise de Lafayette
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Commander of the French fleet @ Yorktown
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Tadeusz Kosciuszko
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Polish military engineer
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Lexington and Concord
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1st shots fired
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Bunker/Breed's Hill
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1st major battle of the war
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Massacre at Waxhaw
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American loss against mainly Loyalist forces
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Battle of Cowpens
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Turning point in re-conquest of South Carolina
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Battle of Saratoga
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Major turning point for America
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Battle of Yorktown
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Last major battle of the war
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Articles of Confederation
|
1st frame of govt
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The Virginia Plan
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Two house legislature apportioned according to population
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Declaration of Independence
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29 specific grievances leveled at King George
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The Constitution
|
"In order to form a more perfect union"
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The New Jersey Plan
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One legislative body w/ equal representation for each state
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