History -

Front 1

Forces against National Unification in Italy

Back 1

1. Roman Church and Pope
2. Most Italian states- ex. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
3. Austrian Empire and Metternich
4. Local tradition- including cultural and linguistic differences
5. Economic differences

Front 2

Forces For Italian Unification

Back 2

1. Legacy of Napoleonic Period
2. Many in the Italian middle class
3. Nationalist revolutionaries like Mazzini and Garibaldi
4. Revolution of 1848 and Earlier Failed Revolutionary Movement.
5. Count Cavour of Piedmont-Sardinia
6. Limited support of Louis Napoleon of France

Front 3

Creation of Italy

Back 3

1. Mazzini's failure
2. Cavour's alliance with France and friendship with Britian during Crimean War
3. Piedmont's war with Austria (1859) and Lombardy
4. Revolutionary nationalistic activity of 1860
5. Defeat of Austria at Prussian hands in 1866 and Venetia.
6. Defeat of France at German hands in 1870 and Rome.

Front 4

Forces Against Unification of Germany

Back 4

1. Most German states- ex. hanover and Saxony
2. Austria and Metternich
3. Local Tradition- including linguistic and religious differences.

Front 5

Forces For German Unification

Back 5

1. German nationalism created as a reaction against Napoleon and French Rev.
2. Zollverein (customs union of 1834)
3. Revolutionary activity of 1848

Front 6

Creation of Germany

Back 6

1. Bismark and Prussia
a. Junkers
b. Realpolitik
c. Constitutional Crisis of 1862
d. War with King Christian's Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein (1864)
e. War with Austria over control of German affairs (1866)
d. Conquest of Hanover and union with Mecklenburg and Saxony
e. War with France (1870)
f. Union with South German states and conquest of Alsace-Lorraine
g. William II declared German emperor at Versailles (1871)
h. Significance- Creation of the Authoritarian state from Above

Front 7

Junkers

Back 7

aristocrats

Front 8

Realpolitik

Back 8

politics of realism

Front 9

England controlled what two most basic raw materials in the early industry?

Back 9

cotton and coal

Front 10

England controlled what two most basic raw materials in the early industry?

Back 10

cotton and coal

Front 11

England controlled what two most basic raw materials in the early industry?

Back 11

cotton and coal

Front 12

Trafalger

Back 12

Naval battle that England wins that Napoleon wasn't actually in.

Front 13

Austerlitz

Back 13

Napoleon defeats Austria and Russia at the same time and while the Russian's were retreating Napoleon fired on the ice and drowned the Russians.

Front 14

Treaty of Tilsit

Back 14

Forces Russia and Prussia to submit and brings continent under his control except for England

Front 15

Continental System

Back 15

Where he devised a system to make England "nation of shopkeepers" under his control. He tried to force it so that England could not trade with any of the continent of Europe.

Front 16

Spanish "ulcer"

Back 16

Napoleon's brother, the ruler of Spain, turned back to tradition and gurilla warfare took place.

Front 17

Causes of Industrial Revolution

Back 17

Colonial Wealth, Agriculture Revolution in England, Improvements in English Money and Banking, Role of the English Dissenters (Baptists, Quakers, Presbyterians, Unitarians)

Front 18

The Industrial Revolution is still ongoning? True or False

Back 18

True

Front 19

causes of Colonial Wealth

Back 19

wealth created by English owned Jamaican sugar cane crops.
planters' goal to return home and become English gentlemen
wealth used to buy country estates in England

Front 20

Agricultural Revolution in England

Back 20

1. English estate owners introduce innovations, including the use of clover. turnip, water meadows, crop rotation.
2. period of usually good weather
3. improved diets for oridinary people, allowing the population to increase and helping to create cheap labor.

Front 21

Improvements in English money and banking.

Back 21

1. use of paper money adopted from Dutch.
2. Bank of England
3. Limited liabilty and insurance companies.
4. No taxes on profits/ Locke and property rights.
5. Lloyd's (banking in countryside/regional credit)

Front 22

Role of the English Dissenters (Baptists, Quakers, Presbyterians, Unitarians)

Back 22

1. Protestant work ethic
2. canal builders
3. tradesmen and separate schools
4. practical schooling (math, science, foreign languages, business)
5. Darby, Black (connect to union with Scotland). Watt (built first practical steam engine, used for power)

Front 23

Products of the Industrial Revolution

Back 23

1. Consumerism
2. Ideology
3. Railways and Empires

Front 24

Consumerism

Back 24

1. examples of Wedgwood China
2. Former luxuries become essentials, an ever increasing amount of goods
3. Rising standards of living and middle class

Front 25

Ideology

Back 25

1. Split in society (master vs. man, and management vs. labor)

Front 26

Railways and Empires

Back 26

1. introduced in 1825 and ultimately replaced canals
2. Unified England, brought fresh food to cities and made "in breeding, out"
3. Opened markets, separated producer from consumer, and helped create British Empire.

Front 27

Romantics

Back 27

Mary Shelley, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Rousseau

Front 28

Conservatism

Back 28

Edmund Burke, Metternich, Bismark

Front 29

Liberalism

Back 29

John Locke, John Stuart Mill, Adam Smith, Tocqueville, Thomas Hill Green

Front 30

Socialism

Back 30

Saint-Simon, Fourier, Robert Owen, Karl Marx

Front 31

Nationalism

Back 31

Herder, Mazzini, Garbaldi

Front 32

Darwinism

Back 32

Charles Darwinism
Natural Selection