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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Peace of Augsberg
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Where: Germany
When: Mid-16th Century 1555 What: ended armed conflict between the Catholic and Protestant forces in the Holy Roman Empire; treaty between Charles V, HRE, and alliance of Lutheran princes SIG: instilled "Cuis regio, euis religio" meaning the religion of the ruler dictated the religion of the ruled. Christian church becomes less powerful and interpretation of religion is more individualized. Strong to the point where different religions can be main religion of the nation |
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Cuius regio, eius religio
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Where: Holy Roman Empire (Central Europe)
When: Mid-16th Century 1555 What: phrase in Latin translated as "Whose realm, his religion", meaning the religion of the ruler dictated the religion of the ruled. Made possible by the Peace of Augsberg SIG: Legitimizes the religion of Lutheranism within the Holy Roman Empire. Weakening influence of Catholicism over central Europe and emerging trend toward religious pluralism created by individual thinkers |
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The Council of Trent
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Where: Italy
When: 16th Century 1545-1563 What: A council of bishops that issued condemnations on what it defined as Protestant heresies and defined Church teachings of scripture and tradition. Estbalished that communion is literally the body and blood of Christ. No concessions to Protestant doctrine, built new seminearies for priest to get educated and authority in scripture and church tradition. SIG: Since this was the first time the church was met with strong opposition, the Council was answering Protestant disputes. Individuals defined the Christian religion and challenged what the church has become: corrupt and greedy. People and scholars wanted to change that and the council tried to defend the Church. Church tries to retain its followers through fear and threats of condemnation to hell. |
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95 Theses
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Where: Holy Roman Empire (cen. europe) Germany
When: Early-16th century; 1517 What: Written by Martin Luther, it was a published disputation that started the Protestant Reformation by protesting against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences. Claimed Priesthood unnecessary and salvation can be reached by faith and the bible. SIG: Started the Protestant reformation and initiated an era where the Church was being criticized for their practices and vague concept of religion. Definition of Christianity was being formed through individuals' opinions and observations, less a secularized definition of being a Christian. |
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Pope Julius II
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Where: Rome, Italy
When: 1503-1513 What: Pope at the height of a corrupt church with an active foreign policy, ambitious building projects and advocacy for the arts. Had an imperialistic nature and invaded other countries. Also fought in battle with his army. SIG: Expanded the Holy Roman Empire and was the pope at the height of corruption within the Christian church. People began to question practices in the Christian church as well as the Church's conception of religion. |
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30 Years War
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When: 17th century 1618-1648
Where: Modern Day Germany What: Initially, the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire. Then turned into a war for political power amongst most of the European nations. SIG: Extensive destruction of the regions where battles were fought and German population was severely decreased. Type of lawlessness was inspired through this war and struggle over authority was given to the monarch instead of the church. Countries fought to expand thier empire and all nations were in the way of each other, where no progress was being made. Confusion without law amongst countries resulted in sovereign states (Peace of Westphalia) |
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Peace Of Westphalia
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When: 17th century 1648
Where: Munster, Germany What: The treaties resulted from the first modern diplomatic congress; also started a sovereign state governed by a sovereign. In the event, the treaties’ regulations became integral to the constitutional law of the Holy Roman Empire. SIG: Marked a a concession of the Church to the Monarchies of each state; authority growing stronger in the monarch and weakening within the church and the church tolerated communal worship by minority faiths in clandestine churches or as private, family or individual devotions. |
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Magellan
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When: 16th Century 1480-1521
Where: Born in Portugal, sailed the world What: First to circumnavigate the world and the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean. Departed from Spain, died in the Philippines. SIG: The monarch approves of the voyage, not the church. He was a scholar, curious as to how to reach modern day Indonesia to expand the Spanish empire. |
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John Calvin
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When: mid-16th century d. 1564
Where: France What: A French theologian that broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and published Institutes of the Christian Religion. Preached the notion of Pre-destiny, less frivolous activities when it comes to Christian services and total sovereignty of God. SIG: Furthered the Reformation by providing a new individualized view of Christianity, stripping away non-essential practices concerning worship of Christ. A scholarly point of view and furthered the questioning of Church procedures at the time. |
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Desiderius Erasmus
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Where: Netherlands
When: dies 1536 What: Translated new testament from Greek to Latin to get to the root of the meaning of the text. Criticized the Church through satire and thought the Church was corrupt. A Dutch humanist that believed you can teach lessons through an education. SIG: Individualized conception of the Christian religion and what should be done is publicized. Introduces the importance of education, rather than religion, to teach lessons as to how to act. |
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Thomas More
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When: Died 1535
Where: London, England What: An English lawyer that emphasized a strong Christian education as well as educating females. Felt the monarch shouldn't have supreme authority over the church. Also published UTOPIA, which he describes the perfect socio-poli-legal system. SIG: Strikes a boundary between the monarch and church; attempts to strengthen supreme Christian authority. He also furthers women's role in society by promoting the education of females. |
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Utopia
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When: 1516
Where: London, England What: Book written by English Lawyer, Thomas More, where he describes a perfect, self-sufficient and idealized community where all property is held in common and everyone is devoted to uplifting society. SIG: Mainly a commentary in contemporary social problems in a form of satire. Served to illustrate to others to live a simpler life, like in monasteries, and strengthen the Christian belief through this practice of living. |
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Henry VIII
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When: Dies 1547
Where: England What: King of England known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Also known for the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. SIG: State gains authority over church. Led to Pilgrimage of Grace where both clergy and commoners protest for religious and social injustice. |
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Roman Inquisition
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When: 17th Century
Where: Italy What: Prosecution of individuals believed to be taking part in heretical acts such as witchcraft, sorcery, and the spread of Judaism. SIG: Taking place to fight the spread of Protestantism and retain Christian followers. |
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Roman Inquisition
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When: 17th Century
Where: Italy What: Prosecution of individuals believed to be taking part in heretical acts such as witchcraft, sorcery, and the spread of Judaism. SIG: Taking place to fight the spread of Protestantism and retain Christian followers. |
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German Peasant's Revolt
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When: 1525
Where: Germany What: German peasants protest against the social injustice being done unto them through the taxes they have to pay to the Church. They have to pay Church as landlord, through labor, and tithe. SIG: Supports Luther's ideal that people are not subject to any priest; only subject to your own conscience. Individualized notion of Christianity and public criticism of the Church. |
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Johannes Guttenberg
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When: dies 1468
Where: Germany What: His invention of the mechanical printing press and advancements in movable type started the Printing Revolution. SIG: Allowed wide publication of materials to educate and spread new ideas during the Reformation. Enhanced education for the masses. |
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Gustavus Adolphus
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When: dies 1632
Where: Sweden What: He was the King of Sweden (1611–1632) who led the nation to military supremacy during the Thirty Years War, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe SIG: Helped legitimize Protestantism as a religion in the Holy Roman Empire and strengthens the monarch over the Church. |
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Gunpowder
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Changed warfare, especially for the thirty years war, leading to the higher death rate during that war.
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Maleficia
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When: 17th century
Where: Italy What: Implied a pact with the devil during witch hunts. was generally used to explain any natural disaster, accident, illness, or personal misfortune SIG: Method of scaring people from taking part of such witchily activities. Retain Christian followers through fear. |
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Frederich Spee
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When: dies 1635
Where: Rhine What: Was known as an opponent of trials for witchcraft. Spee was the first person in his time who spoke strongly and with arguments against torture in general SIG: Educated individuals going against the Church's prosecution of "witches." |
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Machina Mundi
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The armillary sphere- representation of universe in the geocentric model made
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Heliocentrism
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When: 16th Century
Where: Poland What: The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around a stationary Sun at the center of the solar system, first proposed by Copernicus. SIG: Changing the Catholic tradition of geocentrism and emphasis on education throughout the Renaissance. |
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Copernicus
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When: dies 1543
Where: Poland What: First to introduce the heliocentric model of the solar system, where the sun is the middle of the solar system. SIG: Emphasis on education and varying perspectives of the solar system. Justifies through math. |
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Kepler
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When: dies 1630
Where: Germany What: Astronomer that was a key part of the scientific revolution in the renaissance era. Created Kepler's 3 laws of planetary motion. SIG: Education during the renaissance and signifies the church's weakening hold on people's ideals. |
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Galileo
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When: dies 1642
Where: Italy What: Astronomer that played a key part in the scientific revolution and made improvements to the telescope. Made astronomical observations and is said to be the Father of Modern Science. SIG: Emphasis on education and no more hold of Christianity on explanation of planets and space. |
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Newton
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When: dies 1727
Where: England What: published Principia in 1687, is one of the most important scientific books ever written. Talks about gravity and Newton's 3 laws of motion. SIG: Emphasis on education and a new rational way of explaining things, unlike the church. |
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Richard II
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When: 14th century
Where: England What: King of England during the Peasant's Revolt which led to the end of serfdom. Also ruled with councils, instead of absolute rule through the monarch. SIG: Bureaucracy set up in government and identity being formed by peasant's through independent thought. |
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Coluccio Salutati
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When: dies 1406
Where: Italy What: Coluccio was appointed Chancellor of Florence, the most important position in the bureaucracy of the Florentine Republic and responsible for correspondence with other states as they went to war with the papacy. SIG: Bureaucracy of the state and weakening sense of Christianity as Renaissance grows stronger. |
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Catherine of Siena
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When: dies 1380
Where: Rome, Italy What: a Scholastic philosopher and theologian, she enjoyed a spiritual marriage to Jesus and able to write pope to reform papacy. SIG: Change of women's roles and reform of the Christian religion through an individual. |
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The Divine Comedy and Dante
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When: 1321
Where: Italy What: Vision of the afterlife through the eyes of the Church; divided into the Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. SIG: Represents solu's journey to God and draws on medieval Christian theology and philosophy, strengthening the Church's power over the people. |
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Reconquista
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When: 1492
Where: Spain What: the Castilians launched the Granada War of 1492, which finally expelled all Muslim authority from Spain. Isabella and Ferdinand take over to be Catholic Monarchs. SIG: Spread Christianity throughout Spain and the Church strengthens through their spread of influence. Role of Women? |
