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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Missouri Compromise
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1820: created by Henry Clay; when MO wanted to enter the US; Maine was admitted free, MO as a slave state; north of MO Compromise Line
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Compromise of 1850
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Henry Clay; Cali would become a free state; abolished slave trade in Washington D.C. and more effective law to hunt runaway slaves
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Kansas-Nebraska Act- 1854
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: Kansas becomes a state before the Civil War; hard time for Kansas- “Bleeding Kansas”; eventually becomes free state
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Panic of 1819
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borrowing money from the banks which collapsed… and therefore led to economic depression and sectionalism between North and South
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Dred Scott Decision- 1857:
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slaves became property and even in free states they were slaves; led to slave codes
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Popular sovereignty
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people have the right to choose free or slave; ultimately to have power. Crucial
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Gutmann, Stampp, Genovesee, Alex Haley:
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oStampp- The Peculiar Institution
Setting of slavery oGutmann- The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom Focus on family oHaley- ROOTS oGenovesee- Roll, Jordan, Roll Violence Between husbands and wives |
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Drapetomania
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a disease that caused slaves to run away
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“Persuasion Doctrine”:
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use of positive reinforcement rather than punishment by slave owners
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Bi-culture
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Stampp’s perspective; slaves were caught between 2 cultures: African and slave
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Slave codes
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can’t get married; can’t own property; don’t have the right to vote
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Jim Crow Laws
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segregation of blacks and whites enforced by law in the North and violence in the south
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The Second Great Awakening
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late 1790s to late 1830s; like the first one; Protestant reforms; people feared God and sinners went to hell… God is angry and to fear him.
oUnitarians: William Ellery Channing; believed in humanitarianism and tolerance in religion oDeists: believed God made the universe and then stood back and watched the world; God viewed through nature oCharles Finney: lawyer turned preacher; had duty to reform society; from personal reform to moral reform |
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Temperance Crusade
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excessive drinking in America;
oMaine Law of 1851: first state to prohibit the sale, manufacture, and consumption of alcohol oWomen’s suffrage: Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the Seneca Falls Convention; Elizabeth Ann Seton won women’s voting rights in 1920 as the 19th Amendment |
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Prison Reform
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Dorothea Dix- fought for insane people; to separate insane people from bad people, and children from adults
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Abolitionist Movement
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oWilliam Lloyd Garrison: The Liberator; moral suasion… burned the Constitution b/c it was pro-slavery
oHarriet Tubman: Moses of the UGRR oHarriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin oFrederick Douglass- The North Star (newspaper) oTheodore Dwight Weld- American Slavery As it Is |
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Education Reform
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Horace Mann; in public school system: teachers now had to be taught, higher wages, more attendance; tax supported public schools
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Oneida Experiments
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o Oneida Colony: city in NY attempted utopian community
o Utopian societies: perfect societies; men and women are equal; God is both man and woman |
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Abraham Lincoln
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president in 1860s
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Stephen A. Douglas
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Lincoln’s opponent in Illinois and for president
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Ulysses S. Grant
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leader for the North
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Robert E. Lee
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takes command in Northern Virginia and becomes great leader for the South
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Jefferson Davis
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president of Confederacy
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Frederick Douglass
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free black man; started The North Star (newspaper)
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Ida Wells Barnett:
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crusade against lynching
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Harriet Tubman
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Moses of the UGRR
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin described harshest conditions of slavery; helped abolitionist movement
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William T. Sherman
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believed in total war
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John Wilkes Booth
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man that shot Abe
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Andrew Johnson
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vice president that takes over when Abe is killed
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Hiram Revels
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black to serve in the Senate reping the state of Miss.
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Arlington National Cemetery
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Lee’s home becomes cemetery- Lee never comes home
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April 12, 1861
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the first fire is shot on Fort Sumter to begin the war
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Fort Sumter
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last fort in SC under Union rule; started the Civil War
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1860 Election
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4 candidates from 4 different parties; Lincoln won w/ less that 40% popular vote and wasn’t even on the ballot in some southern states
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Reconstruction
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period of US history from 1865-1877 when the states that seceded during the Civil War were reorganized under federal control and later restored to the Union
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Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan
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he wanted to restore the Union as quickly and painlessly as possible; 10% of citizens of a state had to create govt. that abolished slavery; Wade Davis Bill- 50% of citizens (didn’t feel Lincoln’s was harsh enough)
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13th Amendment
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abolishes slavery in 1865
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14th Amendment
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in 1868; black men have civil rights
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15th Amendment
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black men have the right to vote in 1870
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
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supreme court upheld a Louisiana law requiring segregated RR facilities as long as they were equal
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Jim Crow Laws
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segregation of blacks and whites enforced by law in the North and violence in the south
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Segregation:
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separation of blacks and whites
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Impeachment
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removal from office by offense
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“Lynch” law
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means of controlling social order; hung, burned, beat, drag behind wagons
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Brown vs. the Topeka Board of Edu
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unconstitutional to create separate schools for children based on race
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"Wade-Davis” Bill
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much harsher that Lincoln’s Plan- split up Republican party
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Freedman's Bureau
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govt. agency created after the Civil War to assist black and white refugees in the defeated Confederacy; an employment agency and arbitrator between blacks and whites
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Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural Address
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reconstruction plan
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Poll tax
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a tax that must be paid for before a citizen may vote in an election; set in the south
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Secession
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a formal withdrawal from a union
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Klu Klux Klan
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secret society whose ultimate goal was to ensure white supremacy
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Urban League
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est. in 1910; nation’s oldest and largest community based movement devoted to empowering blacks to enter the economic and social mainstream
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Carpetbaggers
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Northerners who settled in the south
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Scalawags
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southerners who joined the Republican party
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Literacy Tests
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set in the south; tests to avoid the 14th amendment thru provisions that usually said an aspiring voter had to be able either to read any section of the state constitution or to understand what was being read to him; were permanently banned in 1975
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"Grandfather Clause"
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a legal loophole for white voters who would otherwise be disqualified to vote by the “color-blind” poll/literacy test poll
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Antietam
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single bloodiest day in American history; 28,000 people killed or wounded
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Total War
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requiring total mobilization of men and resources, destroying men and resources on a massive scale and ending only with unconditional surrender
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Freeport Doctrine
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one of 7 debates- states that slavery will stay down if the people vote it down
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates
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in 1858; 7 debates- Lincoln lost the election in Illinois but won the moral victory;
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"Bleeding Kansas"
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violent riots for popular sovereignty in Kansas to make it slave or free; prelude to Civil War
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54th Massachussetts
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first all black regiment; after Battle of Fort Wagner
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Texas: Lone Star Republic
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the name of Texas when it was independent between 1836-1845
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Texas: Moses Austin
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creates the first Anglo-American colony of settlers in Spanish Texas in 1820
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Texas: Stephen Austin
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son of Moses; creates first settlement in Tejas, province of Mexico
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Texas: Father Hidalgo
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priest in Dolores led Mexican settlers to fight for independence from Spain
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Texas: Santa Fe Trail
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was used between 1821-1880 to connect settlers from MO to Santa Fe
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Texas: Santa Anna
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battled against Texans over the Alamo; Santa Anna won after 13 days
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Alamo
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landmark in San Antonio
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Sam Houston
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elected president of Lone Star Republic
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Lone Star
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single star on the flag
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Jim Bowie
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defender of the Alamo
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Davy Crockett
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defender of the Alamo
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Oregon: Whitmans
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first wagon that crossed Oregon Trail was led by Marcus; helped rebuild buildings in the Willamette Valley after Mt. St. Helen erupted; he and his wife were murdered by the Indians who thought the white men caused the death of Indian kids
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Oregon: Father de Smet
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travels Oregon Trail in 1830s and arrives in Oregon in 1840
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Oregon: Cayuses
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Indians in the area
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Oregon: Willamette River
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valley with very fertile soil
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Oregon: Measles
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outbreak among Indians; killing children quickly
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Utah: Joseph and Hyram Smith
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tried to create a Mormon community; Joseph believed that Jesus had appeared in America and revealed the Book of Mormon
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Utah: Nauvoo, Ill.
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where Mormons were going to settle
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Utah: Brigham Young
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decides to settle by Great Salt Lake w/ new kingdom of God
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Utah: Latter Day Saints
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started in NY; Mormons are part of this church
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Utah: Latter Day Saints
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started in NY; Mormons are part of this church
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polygamy
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having more than one wife
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conditions of statehood in 1896
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joined the Union
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California: Bear Flag Republic
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June 14, 1846 Americans tried to revolt from Mexican rule and seized the capital at Sonoma; the flag with the grizzly bear and star was raised; independence ended in July
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"forty-niners"
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searching for Gold Rush in 1849
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Bear Flag
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star represented Texas and the bear was for the many in the area
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John Sutter
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first to discover gold in 1848
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Californios
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leftover Mexican poor ranch hands; maintained cattle
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Donner Party
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group of 82 people went south of Great Salt Lak e and through Sierra Nevada to go to Cali; stuck in mountains, ate each other
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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
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treaty signed on Feb 2nd, 1848; called Mexicans to cede 55% of territory for $15 million
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Mexican Cession
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gave up Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah
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National Women's Trade Union League
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formed in 1903; fought for minimum living wage
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Jane Adams
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opened Hull House in 1889; nurseries for kids, sports, and theatre, taught English and health
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Florence Kelly
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made important contributions to social reforms: developed strategies such as consumer boycotts of sweatshop-produced clothing and the use of clothing labels to guarantee legally produced clothes
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Terence Powderly
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took over Knights of Labor and tried to unite all workers into one union
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Alexander Graham Bell
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invented telephone; Scottish; tried to sell phone to Western Union Telegraph Co. for $100,000 and was turned down; formed Bell Phone Co. in 1877 and by 1885 sold more than 300 thousand phones
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Christopher Sholes
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invented the typewriter
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"Bird of Passage"
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how the father would come over and work to bring the rest of his family over
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Burlingame Treaty of 1868
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convinced Chinese tocome and work for RR
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William Jennings-Bryan
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"Cross of Gold" Speech; silver democrat for President in 1896
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Andrew Carnegie
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made fortune on steel industry bought out other companies and phases companies to make steel; Carnegie Steel Co. in 1892; gave millions to charity
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National Banking Act
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raised money for the Union by enticing banks to buy federal bonds, and taxed state bonds out of existence
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Niagara Falls
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first hydroelectric plant in 1885
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The Grange
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union for farmers; main problem was RR; aka the Patrons of Husbandry; able to get Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
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"Yellow-dog" contracts
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a requirement by a firm that a worker agree not to engage in collective labor action
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ILGWU
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International Ladies Garment Workers Union in 1900; founded by Rose Schneiderman and Leona O'Reilly; more than 20,000 men and women left jobs in 1910- caused employers to increase pay and decrease hours; part of AFL
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"company towns"
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factories would build houses around factory
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United Mine Workers
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formed under the Knights of Labor; industrial union including all workers in the coal industry
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Socialism
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an economic theory advocating collective or governmental ownership of production of goods
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Karl Marx
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wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848; class struggle throughout time… make everyone equal; 1917-Bolshevik Revolution
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Thomas Edison
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invented the light bulb; founded first central power plant for electricity
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communism
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a totalitarian system of govt. in which a single authoritative party controls state owned means of production resulting in a final stage in which the state has withered away and economic goods are distributed equitably
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George Pullman
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the Pullman car was a sleeping car on trains
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Samuel Gompers
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organized American Federation of Labor in 1886; open to skilled workers only; AFL wanted higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions; supported strikes; most powerful union in nation in 1886- 1910
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Samuel Morse
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invented Morse Code
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Knights of Labor
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1869; at first this union was only open to skilled workers and meetings were held in secret because workers in unions were fired; 1879: chose Terence Powderly or pres and worked to strengthen union by opening it to immigrants, blacks, women and unskilled workers; goals were shorter work day, end to child labor, equal pay for men and women; Haymarket Riot… caused membership to drop
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Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
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made the RRs the first industry subject to federal regulation; addressed problem of RR monopolies by setting guidelines for how the RRs could do business; outlaw pooling, RR rates must be published, rates must be reasonable and just, interstate commerce commission
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National Labor Union
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was started in 1866 by William Sylvis; 1872- faded out; imposed 8 hour work day
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Henry Bessemer
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invented mass production of steel
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Populist Party
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6 agenda items
o Wanted a free and unlimited silver o Govt. ownership of the RR, telephone, and telegraph o Advocated govt. ownership of RR land o Graduated income tax (wealthy people pay more in taxes; poor people pay less) o National warehouse system to store produce like grains and corn until market conditions improved o To reform politics |
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Pacific Coast Immigration
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Chinese immigration to the coast, they were extremely discriminated against
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John D. Rockefeller
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multimillionaire b/c of oil industry; when he was 23 he invested in oil refinery and used profits to buy other refineries and combined these into the Standard Oil Co.
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The Jungle
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Upton Sinclair; about horrid conditions in meat packing plants;Jurgis and Ona come to Chicago from Lithuania, have their
wedding in a bar in Chicago, have come to Chicago in search of a better life in Packingtown which is a brutal and dirty working place and very difficult to find a job. Shows family struggles of debt, death and hopelessness. |
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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gave constitutional power of congress regulate
interstate commerce, declared illegal every contract, restraint of interstate and foreign trade |
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Monroe Doctrine
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The US did not want to interfere with international
affairs. |
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Hawaii
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Sandwich Islands; Queen Lilioukalani didn't want to be controlled by Americans; they wanted to grow sugar there; 50th state
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Spanish- American War 1898
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On April 25, 1898 the US declared war on Spain
after the sinking of the battle ship Maine in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. In the contents of the signing, Spain lost control over its overseas empire (Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippine islands, Guam, and other Pacific islands. Tensions between Spain and the Americas started in 1492 when Spain sailed west into the western hemisphere. Over time, Spain slowly began to lose its empires in the west (the US). Soon is only held on to the islands in the Pacific and Caribbean. All of these individual islands began to fight for their independence also. America also had a great influence with these islands. America began to invest money into Cuba¡¦s sugarcane and some of the other islands products. The Spanish did not like this US involvement and influence. Tensions began to rise and eventually erupted with an explosion in the U.S.S. Maine; which then led to war. On December 10, 1898, the peace treaty was signed and the war ended. The US lost about 3,000 lives and it costed them $250 million dollars. |
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Battleship Maine
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On February 15, 1898, a mysterious explosion destroyed
the American battleship Maine in Havana Harbor and helped propel the United States into a war with Spain. |
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Teddy Roosevelt
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Rough Riders
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USS Oregon and Panama Canal
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The USS Oregon was called to help and by the time that it
traveled around South America the war had already ended |
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Seward's Folly
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William H. Seward asked Congress for $7 million to
purchase Alaska from the Russians. He had a hard time getting Congress to approve this sake and therefore the purchasing of Alaska is called |
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Open Door Policy
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this recommended that all nations would have equal
trading and development rights in the Eastern Hemisphere. |
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Protectorate
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A relationship of protection and partial control assumed by a superior power over a dependent country or region
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Walter Reed
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was an American doctor. He joined the army and became a
captain. He discovered great advanced with yellow fever and eventually found that it came from mosquitoes. |
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Yellow Fever
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An infectious tropical disease caused by an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes, especially A. aegypti, and
Haemagogus and characterized by high fever, jaundice, and often gastrointestinal hemorrhaging. Also called yellow jack. |
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Japan and China Open Door Policy
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the western powers had power now to come in and equally trade and develop business in these areas
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Commodore M. C. Perry Drago Doctrine
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U.S. rejects claim that any
Europeans Nation has the right to use fore to collect debts from a Latin- American country- Perry believed that it was not fair for the European nations to collect debts from Latin- American counties. Perry believed that in order for the Latin- American counties to re-start after the war they needed to be pardoned from their major debts. |
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Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
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was riding in an open car in Sarajevo,
Bosnia with his wife. He was the heir to the Austrian thrown. A Serbian nationalist was who assassinated him and his wife. (the nationalists did not to be taken over and controlled by other countries) |
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Woodrow Wilson
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1913- very smart, had a very hard time letting young
soldiers go over to war, 2 terms. Wanted peace and towards the end had a hard time getting through to the public |
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Triple Alliance
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
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A War to make the World Safe for Democracy
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Wilson¡¦s War message-
this was one of Wilson's justifications for going to war. He had a hard time letting the young men go to war. He wanted to have a good reason to fight. He said that the US had a duty to fight to make the world safe for democracy. |
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Zimmerman Notes
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US relations with Mexico- A secret note intercepted by
the US in which Germany was asking for a secret alliance with Mexico against the US and the Triple Entente. Bad for the US b/c they had fought against Mexico just a few years prior to this. |
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Lusitania-
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A passenger ship that was sunk by submarine warfare. Germans attacked May 7, 1915- 1198 killed total and 128 Americans killed
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submarine warfare
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the bombing of ships and vessels as they crossed the
ocean to bring supplies for the war. At first any ship could be bombed then with the Sussex Pledge it was limited to only warships. But then Germany ended that agreement ¡Vone cause of the US involvement in the war. |
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John J. Pershing
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commander of the American Expeditionary Force; from Lincoln, NE
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Wilson's 14 Points
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1. modern war
2. open not secret diplomacy 3. freedom of seas 4.removal of tariffs and trade barriers 5. reduction of land weapons 6. end to colonization 7. liberation of small countries and a league of nations |
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Treaty of Versailles
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ended WWI
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League of Nations
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pre-United Nations; American never joined... led to its downfall
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