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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This entity became part of US Indian Policy beginning in the 19th century. Tribes such as the Nez Pez, Apache, Navaho and the Lakota Sioux signed treaties often under duress and were forced off their land and onto |
Reservations |
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If tribal members refused to comply, and were ‘off the reservation’ these Indians were characterized by this designation as opposed to civilized and fit for extermination or arrest. Sitting Bull, Chief Joseph, Conchise and Geronimo would fit into this category. |
Hostiles
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This couple left a tragic legacy that would continue to haunt relations between whites and Indians for decades after their deaths. They were the first white settlers to trail by covered wagon to Oregon via the Oregon Trail; they were recruited by Flathead Indians who traveled to St. Louis Missouri to seek the counsel of Black Robe Jesuits but could only find Protestants to journey west.
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Dr,. Marcus and Narcissa Whitman
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Already weakened by disease and subjected to continued white raids, the remnants of the Cayuse joined nearby tribes, especially the _______ and Yakima. Thus the Whitmans' efforts ended in both their own deaths and the end of the Cayuse as an independent people
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Nez Percé
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_______ came to populate the Plains over time, originally from the Spanish. Also known as the Sacred Dogs, these creatures completely revolutionized Lakota Sioux culture; led to enhanced Buffalo hunting, bigger teepees, and more wives for some men.
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Horses
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For the Sioux, this Plain’s inhabiting creature was the center of their existence. To destroy this creature and its habitat was one means that white settlers destroyed the Sioux culture. Hides provided clothing and shelter (they used the hides to cover their lodges).
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Buffalo
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The Sioux were very tolerant of diverse behaviors as long as they did not disrupt the well-being of the tribe. The Sioux regarded these people as holy and no attempt was made to prevent them from crossing gender from men to women.
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Winkte- third gender people
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It permitted travel along the Oregon Trail and protected tribes ‘against the commission of all depredations by the people of the United States.’ The government agreed to pay restitution to the tribes if any non-Indians caused any harm to the Natives.
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Fort Laramie Treaty - 1851
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He was a Sioux warrior who made life for settlers and gold seekers on the Bozeman trail quite difficult. He signed the momentous second peace treaty at Fort Laramie in 1868.
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Red Cloud
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( ) and his second and command committed a suicide homicide when he found himself and 80 of his fellow soldiers surrounded by Sioux warriors, including Crazy Horse, during Red Cloud’s successful campaign against the incursion of the Bozeman Trail in Montana.
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William Fetterman
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What is the Sioux’s most sacred ritual of self-sacrifice and stoical pain. It helped Sitting Bull have his great visions.
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Sun Dance
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This historian and author of Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee described life on the Plains. In the film Sitting Bull, he argues that part of the Plains Indians sense of freedom is environmentally determined.
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Dee Brown
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Sioux word for children, meaning sacredness. _ ____The Sioux really pampered their children; they thought this contrasted with the way they saw many white settlers treat their children.
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Wakanisha
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The place that was the homeland for the Sioux and the Cheyenne. 2,000 miles, once full of 50 million buffalo. It is the place where many farmers would fail by the turn of the 20th century, when the rain failed to continue to follow the plow, after a brief period of above average rainfall in the 1870s and 80s.
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The Plains
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The Sioux developed a new trade- buffalo robes and this high calorie mixture of dried buffalo fat and fruit- ______, which was great for European explorers such as Lewis and Clark who couldn’t afford to carry a lot of extra weight.
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Pemmican
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Means buffalo stone, was used by the Plains Sioux to attract propitiate buffalo to usual hunting grounds. _____
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Iniskim
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This was one of the more sedentary tribes the Sioux took tribute from as they expanded further west. This tribe was deeply affected by European diseases, such as small pox. The Sioux would join forces with the US Army to subdue this tribe in the 1823.
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Arikara
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In the 3rd phase of Sioux expansion by 1850, the Sioux were able to have access to this, which allowed them to increase their population while other Plain Indians had their tribes decimated. They were warned not to go to trading posts during epidemic.
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vaccinations
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On August 18, 1862, while most Union soldiers were away from their forts on the Plains, busy on the battlefields trying to make the Confederate Army sue for peace, four young Sioux warriors hunters told their chief Little Crow about how they had just killed five whites, including Howard Baker during a ‘shooting contest’ gone away
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Sioux Uprising
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He was an unscrupulous trader among the Santee Sioux. He famously states-‘So far as I’m concerned, if they are hungry, let them eat grass.’ He was one of the first people killed in the village of Lower Agency during the Sioux uprising. After he died prairie grass was shoved into his mouth.
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Andrew Myrick
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____ tall man and prominent US political figure asserted that the Santee Sioux who participated in the Great Sioux uprising should be designated as combatants, and prisoners of war, not criminals and murderers.
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Abe Lincoln
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The bodies of the executed Santee Sioux [many of them who had not committed any crimes, even under the reduced sentencing guidelines that Abraham Lincoln had suggested] were buried in a mass but shallow grave near a river bank. They did not rest in peace for long. Their bodies were dug up by a number of doctors who wanted the skeletons for office reference, as medical books were expensive.
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William Mayo
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This was opened in the 1830s, part of early US western migration; is a 2,000-mile east-west large wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon. This caused a disruption in the migration pattern of the bison, creating unrest among the Plains Indians.
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Oregon Trail
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The Plains Indians called the soldiers, 7th Calvary this because of the swords the officers carried.
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Long knives
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This Apache Chief was falsely accused of abducting a white 12 year old boy named Felix. He and his wife and two children were held hostage by 24 year old Lt. Bascom, until he released the boy [who he did not have in his custody.
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Cochise
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This pony express courier, cum negotiator and Indian Agent befriended Conchise after his wagon had been ambushed on the NM stagecoach line. He helped negotiate the 1872 US Treaty with the Apache which was violated after silver and copper was found on reservation land.
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Thomas Jonathan Jeffords
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This great spiritual and military Apache chief busted out of the San Carlos reservation with 134 others [92 women and children] in 1885 and evaded Calvary detection for over a year despite 1,000s of troops and 200 Indian scouts.
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Geronimo
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He was a one-armed Civil War General, a champion of the Freedman’s Bureau, who tried to negotiate reservation treaties with the Nez Perce and the Apache. He ordered the Calvary to round up the Nez Perce when they resisted.
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Oliver Howard
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After trying his best to stop wagon trains from using the Bozeman Trail, greatly disrupting the western Sioux’s way of life, Red Cloud signed a momentous in ______1868.
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Second Fort Laramie Treaty
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The Battle of ____ in 1876, which lasted about 20 minutes, was arguably the greatest military triumph the Sioux and the Cheyenne had ever had against the U.S. Army.
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Little Big Horn
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The retribution from the above battle came swiftly from Tecumseh Sherman and General Cooke. They used the same brutal _____________policy [homes and food supplies burned, horses killed] against Sioux villages, including, women and children, left destitute and freezing
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scorched earth
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The______________ was the last major armed conflict between the Dakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre." By the time it was over, 25 troopers and 180 Lakota Sioux lay dead, including, women, and children.
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Wounded Knee
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Chief ___ died and was left for dead in the snow for two days until hired hands could put those massacred in yet another mass grave after the Massacre at Wounded Knee .
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Big Foot
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The following is a laundry list of problems associated with which US Indian policy beginning in the 19th century- 1. corrupt agents; 2. white settlers attitudes and actions--some favored extermination--ranch, mine, farm on reservation, 3. warriors refuse to farm; 4. Indians -ward status, 5. Ignored diff between tribes, 6. too confining- open air prisons; 7. Further destruction of buffalo herds.
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Reservations
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This was another name for Canada for Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce; this is where they were heading on their 1,170 mile journey until they were apprehended 30 miles from the border. This is where Sitting Bull resided in exile for 4 years until he surrendered.
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grandmother
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This Nez Perce leader resisted going to the reservation because he promised his father that he would protect the land and ‘never sell land that holds his father and mother’s bones.’
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Chief Joseph
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Kicking Bear brought this movement of hope and renewal from Nevada to the Sioux Standing Rock, Pine Ridge and Rosebud Reservations in South Dakota in 1889. Sitting Bull was residing at Standing Rock. __ _________________was a new religious movement which was incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems.
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Ghost Dance
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He was a Sioux visionary, warrior and a short time showman with Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show. His prophecy came to pass when he was killed by Lt. Bullhead and Red Tomahawk on Standing Rock Reservation who had been deputized as reservation policy _______
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Sitting Bull
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___ ____Called ‘Long Hair’ by the Sioux and Cheyenne; this superb horseman and West Point graduate who was incidentally 34 34 in his graduating class had his last stand at the Battle of Little Big Horn.
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George Armstrong Custer
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This was a practice of Sioux and Cheyenne Plains Indian warriors in which they would get close enough to a combatant but they would not kill them. It was a way to be brave but not lethal and gain status in your clan.
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counting coup
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____ is famous for having stated ‘Come on Lakotas it’s a good day to die.’ He was at the battle of Rosebud and the Battle of Little Big Horn. He was never photographed. He was a war leader of the Oglala Lakota.
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Crazy Horse
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Homeland of the Nez Perce and Chief Joseph.
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Wallowa, OR
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After their 1,170 walk, and near escape, the Nez Perce were never allowed to go home, even though they were ‘allowed’ to return to Oregon to a small portion of their land, the ____
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Colville_reservation.
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This is where the Navaho [Dine] hid while on their long walk trying to stay away from reservation life; they hid out from the US Calvary. __ _______________Some jumped to their death from this perch to avoid capture.
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Canyon de Chelley
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In 1863 _ __ sent troops to both ends of this canyon to trap and defeat the Navajo population within.
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Kit Carson
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The resulting devastation led to the surrender of the Navajos and their removal to ,__ _______________ New Mexico; an open air prison.
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Bosque de Rondo
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This period is known as the __________ by Navajos, because they were essentially being hunted and their means of survival destroyed- such as burning their hogans, destroying sheep, crops and poisoning their wells by Kit Carson under the command of Gen James Carlton.
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Fearful Time
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She wrote Ramona and the Century of Dishonor in 1881. She was a reformer who was pivotal in shifting Indian policy from extermination and reservations to the Allotment policy ideology-‘Kill the Indian to Save the Man’ which had some very destructive consequences.
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Helen Hunt Jackson
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Part of the policy established under the Dawes Severalty Act; this was the first federally funded off-reservation Indian boarding school. It was founded on the principle that Native Americans were the equals of European-Americans, and that Native American children immersed in mainstream Euro-American culture would learn skills to advance in society.
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Carlisle School
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___ The root of this policy was ‘Kill the Indian and Save the man.’ In a sense it was the Homestead Act for American Indians, but it was a very specious policy because it really stole millions of acres from already land strapped Native Americans. Helen Hunt Jackson thought this would be a humanitarian policy.
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Allotment
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__ ______ were a group of Indians [one of the Five Civilized Tribes] from Oklahoma who pioneered the use of Native American languages as military code. Their exploits took place during the waning days of World War I.
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Choctaw Code Talkers
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Even though many Native Americans were rewarded citizenship in 1924, they still were subjected to states and local laws that disenfranchised them, denied them access to the voting booth and often public facilities such as schools and public pools and parks until the 1940s and 60s in some cases.
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Jim Crow Indian Style
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___ 1,000s of Native peoples fought in World War I. As a result of this some members of Congress, including Charles Curtis, senator of Kansas believed that Indians should be rewarded for their service with American citizenship in 1924.
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General Citizens Act of 1924
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_________ was also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act or informally, the Indian New Deal, was a U.S. federal legislation which secured certain rights to Native Americans. These include a reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis.
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Indian Reorganization Act
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The commissioner of Indian affairs who inaugurated Termination policy, ___ __was principally known as the man responsible for administering Japanese-American concentration camps during World War II. In 1952, the Bureau of Indian Affairs began to energetically push termination:
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Dillon Meyers
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The 1950’s Termination policy creating a demographic shift for many American Indians___ ___________ ; Native peoples were forced off their reservations and into metropolitan areas, such as Minneapolis, Chicago, Detroit, and Los Angeles.
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Urban Indians
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The first law that actually initiated termination was in the field of criminal justice. "In 1953 Congress passed Public Law __ _________, which brought California Indian Reservations under the criminal and civil jurisdiction of the state." Crime occurring on the reservation was no longer the responsibility of the United States government.
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Public Law 580
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__ permitted tribes to run casino on their own land. Since tribes are sovereign entities, they could run casinos on their own land. This is why you have Indian gaming all across the country.
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indian Gaming Regulatory Act- 1988
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_ ________was a cross-country protest in the United States by American Indian and First Nations organizations that took place in the autumn of 1972. It was designed to bring attention to American Indian issues, such as treaty rights, living standards, and inadequate housing.
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Trail of Broken Tears
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_ After the occupation of Alcatraz, Plymouth Rock and the Trail of Broken Treaties, Richard Nixon introduced legislation that increased BIA programs for education, housing and job training by 225 percent.
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BIA EXPANSION
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As each generation passed after Allotment policies were put into place, future generation of Indian received smaller and smaller plots, until some Indians literally had one square foot of land. __
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Fractionalization
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In 1969 when the occupation began __ was considered the perfect place for an Indian reservation because it had no running water, sanitation , schools, mineral resources, and productive soil, plus, the population has always been held as prisoner and kept dependent upon others.
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Alcatraz
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______ was one of the founders of AIM in Minneapolis, MN. As part of Termination policy many Indians found themselves in urban environments for the first time. Some Indians found themselves in the criminal justice system.
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Dennis Banks
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This organization had a presence at the Wounded Knee II on Pine Ridge Reservation siege with the FBI. Little did anyone know that ___ ______________would become instrumental in shaping not only the path of American Indians across the country, but the eyes of the world would follow AIM protests through the occupation at Alcatraz through the Trail of Broken Treaties, to the final conflict of the 1868 Sioux treaty of the Black Hills.
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American Indian Movement
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AIM was subject to the same kinds of harassment that Black Panthers and other civil rights organizations were subject to during the 1960s and 70s. During the Trail of Broken Treaties March and the occupation of the BIA in Washington DC..FBI agents were instructed to disrupt and infiltrate the activities of AIM.
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COINTELPRO
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____ If you go up into Indian country in Northern California, you will see many signs advocating for the freeing of this man. He is an activist and member of the American Indian Movement (AIM). In 1977 he was convicted and sentenced to two consecutive terms of life imprisonment for first degree murder in the shooting of two Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents during a 1975 conflict on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.
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Leonard Peltier
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This was part of Indian New Deal legislation. It involved the right to tax, the right to buy land, the right to excluded settlement of non-Indian on reservation lands, the right to determine tribal membership. __
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vested interests
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_____ Like the new social historians, these historians made important contributions. They asserted that the west was a multicultural diverse place, with much contention and thriving civilization, not an empty place ready to be settled. They also showed that many of the settlers were not free- wheeling individuals, but rather very dependent on the government for ‘clearing the lands of Indians, supplying irrigation, transportation and farm subsidies.
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New Western Historians
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This was part of the New Deal. These programs put 10,000s native peoples and non-Indians to work building trails, parks, dams during the Depression.
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Civilian Conservation Corps
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This idea was central to the paradigm shift that took place as the Civil Rights movement moved from reform to more of a revolutionary critique after 1964, after the year that the biggest legislative successes took place. Across the globe as different countries in Africa and Asia began to establish their independence from their European imperial overlords; and recognition that they had been an occupied people in the US. ________
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decolonization |
