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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mecator
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Map that is popular for nautical navigation because it shows "true" distances and lines
Mid 16th Century |
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Hobo-Dyer
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Equal area map where the poles are flattened out
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Peters
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Equal area cylindrical map that was highly controversial
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Universal Meridian
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Agreeing on the "center" of the world because thats where all other time and distance would be decided from
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Greenwich
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Where the universial (prime) meridian is located today, 0 degrees longitude
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equator
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0 degrees latitude, goes around the earth at it's widest circumference
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contingent
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the status of fact that are not necessarily true or false
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world-system
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There is a world system in place in the 13th and early 14th centuries. There are 3 elements you have to have for a world system--
1. Money/credit 2. Insurance 3. Social groups with culture and connections-wealthy merchants This world system collapsed for 2 reasons- 1. Political-Break up of the Mongol state 2. Biological- Black death |
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Afro-Eurasia
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The world system that included Asia, Europe and northern Africa
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Hegemony
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Being dominate over all world systems
Middle Kingdom was NOT dominate in the 14th century because there was not one common language or currency |
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language
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A problem in world-systems that would be fixed when the mongols ruled the entirety of Asia because they provided one common language for people to use over a vast area of space
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currency/money, credit
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A must for a world system to exist. You have to have a way for everyone to profit across long distance trade routes
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Black Death
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1348-1351
Traveled along the same routes as the long distance trade. Hit port cities the hardest. 30-50% of the population died from it |
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Janet Abu-Lughod
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Thought that the 13th century world system stems from the 7th&8th century rise of Islam, 11th century unification of China, and the 13th century connections between Asia and Europe
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Matteo Ricci
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Went to China in the 16th century. Took maps and offended the Middle Kingdom because Europe was in the center of them.
Dressed like a Chinese scholar, the church didn't like this because he was becoming to much like the Chinese. Used Arabian astrology to re-do the Chinese calendar, proving himself useful to them. |
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Andre Gunder Frank
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Added to the world system theory that said that they had existed since 4th century CE.
Said that Asia is the center of these world systems and the only reason Asia didn't prosper in the 15th-17th centuries is because they weren't close to the Americas and the Europeans were |
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Ganges
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It's a river in India that is worshiped by the Hindu people. Supports some of the highest population densities in the world.
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Brahmin
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The highest order of Hindu priests and members of the highest caste in the Hindu caste system
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Muhammad
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6th century-7th century
Last great prophet of Islam He didn't invent a new religion, just brought back one from Abraham and Adam |
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Mecca
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This is where Muhammad was born and gave all of his prophecies about Islam and God. Still considered the center of Islam
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Chingis Khan
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11th century-took over most of Asia with the Mongols therefore united Asia and Europe, even though he did it brutally and forcefully
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Pax Mongolica
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There was peace for a extended period of time over the entire Mongol empire, allowing trade routes to prosper across a vast region of land.
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pandemic of prosperity
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Happened because of the 11th century uniting of the Mongol Empire. Merchants were protected for long distances under one government which therefore allowed prosperity to be spread over great regions of land.
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Cheng Ho
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1400-1435
Creates the greatest potential for reviving/saving the world system through his naval expeditions. He stops them because they don't seem to be paying off for him. |
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Christendom
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The area that we now refer to as Europe
All the area under the rule of the Catholic Church before the break between Protestants and Catholics There were no more than 5 or 6 major cities before 1500 |
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State
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Areas where there is a long history of governments that are defined by common sources of authority.
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City
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a concentrated area of population that interacts with other cities
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syncretism
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holding beliefs that contradict each other
Matteo Ricci was a Christen but became so emersed into Chinese culture (a non-Christian culture) that the church accuse him of this |
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hunting and gathering
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This is how most of the American Indians survived. Their men did the hunting and gathering, which in Christendom is a luxury sport, so it was seen as being lazy to the Christen colonists
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polygmy
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when men have multiple wives and many children
the pipiltin of the Aztec empire were polygamous so their population grew expontentially |
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tribute goods
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these goods could only be traded between a master and his subjects or between sachems. They could not be sold for a profit, it was against the government's regulations in the Aztec empire
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restricted sphere of exchange
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tribute goods were in a restricted sphere of exchange because there is a limit put on how many and who you can give these goods too. You can't trade them with just anyone
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commodity
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a good or service that is exchanged for the purpose of gaining profit. It is often exchanged impersonally (opposite to tribute goods) through a common currency
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money
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provided a way for commodity goods to be exchanged among people who didn't value all the same things.
Often becomes a problem when you run into a society that doesn't believe in the value of money (Americans) |
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sacrifice
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Aztec society believed in human sacrifice as a way to a) show submission to the goods and b) to show the power of the tlatoan over the rest of the mayeques and macehualtin
Wasn't seen as brutal because it was seen as a way of life Sacrifices had to come from the population and they couldn't be from the noble ranks |
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essentialism
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Essentializing moral concepts to an entire people.
Example—The Aztecs performed human sacrifice, so as a people they are brutal and barbaric |
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tlatoan
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Head of the Aztec State
He has 4 council members that advise him but he is the ultimate source of power in the empire |
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calpulli
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Before the formation of the Aztec state these were little city/states that all ruled themselves individually
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mayuques
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conquered people of the Aztec empire.
30% of the empire were of this class that was not allowed to own land and were very highly taxed |
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pipiltin
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Noble class of the Aztec empire
They were polygamous, married to commoners whose children were automatically pipiltin. The class grew very rapidly Considered the ruling class and could hold political office |
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macehualtin
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Commoners of Aztec society
This class didn't exist until the formation of the Aztec state |
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pochteca
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Traders in Aztec society that went from the southern US throughout Mexico. Their trade was highly regulated by the Aztec government because they were not allow to trade tribute goods.
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Tenochtitlan
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The center of Aztec society where the tlatoan lived
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Teotihuacan
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5% slaves that was not an inheritable position.
They were POWs, criminals, and poor adults. |
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Itzcoatle
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1426-1440
Conquered the land that became the Aztec state. He was the first tlatoan |
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religious authority
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The people/person who got to make decisions regarding the religious interpretations of new , present day situations
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janissaries
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In the Ottoman Empire they were highly trained elite standing armies made up of Christians and non-Muslims that had been trained since they were little just for that purpose. If you serve the sultan you should have no other alliances
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jizya
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Tax paid by non-Muslims in the Ottoman empire
This created a need for the state to have people who weren't Muslim in it |
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Sunni
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Religious authority came from a consensus of learned Islamic scholars
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Sha'i
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Religious authority was given to individuals who were learned Islamic scholars.
Book knowledge |
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Sufi
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Religious authority was given to saintly people. They directly connect with God through dance, meditation, and prayer
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devshirme
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A human tax that non-Muslims paid by sending their sons to live in Istanbul with the Sultan and be trained for his needs. This eliminates political influence in picking where they should be placed. The boys are placed where they will be of best service to the Sultan
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timar/timariot
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Timar is the land given to the timariot in return for providing the sultan with a calvary and horsemen. These farms provide much of the work for commoners in the area.
The timariot are large land owners that provide the sultan with horses and calvary. They are moved around a lot so they don't develop political alliances other than with the Sultan |
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peasants
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Settled population that lives by agriculture (Ottoman) that consists of both Muslims and non-Muslims (Jews, Hindus, Christians)
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civil bureaucracy
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In the Middle Kingdom (Ming) there were 3 test that people had to take to work for the state
Passed the 1st test-could work in local government and shows loyalty to the emperor and flowering talent Passed the 2nd test->1% passed but those who did could go to Beijing to take the 3rd Passed the 3rd test-given every 3 years in Beijing if you passed you got to work for the emperor |
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military hierarchy
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Middle Kingdom
Commanders-ruled over large groups of standing soldiers Soldiers- fought as a profession, inherited position Civil soldiers- fought to protect their homes when needed but had other positions that supported them financially |
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hierarchy of censors
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Middle Kingdom
Censors were selected on proof of personal integrity Made sure the rest of the bureaucracy was running how the emperor wanted it to be run |
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invention of tradition
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Ming (& Muscovities) invented their own social order and then made up history to support the reasons they did what they did
it was a way for rulers to legitimize empires when they had nothing else |
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tautology
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a circular argument
Example-- The Chinese did not explore outside the Middle Kingdom because they didn't gain anything from exploring outside of it |
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Tokugawa Shogunate
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1530s
Tried to centralize the state by taking over the daimyo’s domains and taking them hostage in the imperial court |
