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22 Cards in this Set
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Question 1: Compare and contrast the explorations,settlements and empires of Spain, France and Great Britain in the NewWorld. How were they similar and in whatrespect did they differ by 1750? |
Spain, France & Great Britain |
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Spain: -Empires -Settlements -Explorations |
SPAIN: -AZTECTS: DEFEATED THEM IN 1520, FOUND GOLD -FOCUSED ON GOLD AND SILVER, NOT AGRICULTURE LIKE NEW ENGLAND -SPANIARDS BROUGHT NOVELTIES TO THE NEW WORLD THAT WERE COMMONPLACE IN EUROPE, INCLUDING CHRISTIANITY, IRON TECHNOLOGY, SAILING SHIPS, FIREARMS, WHEELED VEHICLES AND HORSES ALSO CARRIED DISEASES -CROWN SPONSORED CONQUESTS GAINED RICHES FOR SPAIN AND EXPANDED ITS EMPIRE -CLAIMED MOST OF SOUTHERN AND SW REGIONS -ST.AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA -POPULATION WAS CONQUISTADORS, SOLDIERS, MISSIONARIES, FARMERS & TRADERS CAME LATER -COLONIES GOVERNED BY GROWN APPOINTED GOVERNORS -SETTLERS HAD TO OBEY KINGS LAWS, COULDN’T MAKE THEIR OWN -SETTLERS CATHOLIC ONLY, PROTESTANTS WERE PERSECUTED -MOSTLYA TRADING ECONOMY, REGULATIONS ENFORCED BY SPANISH MILITARY -SLOW POPULATION GROWTH DUE TO EMPHASIS ON MILITARY CONQUEST -POOR RELATIONS WITH NATIVES, SAW THEM AS HEATHENS, KILLED MANY |
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Spain Definitions: -CC -Colombian Exchange -Tenochtitlan -Hernan Cortez -Encomienda System |
Christopher Columbus (1492): His explorations werefunded by the Spanish crown His explorations began a geographic revolution Colombian Exchange (~1492): Transatlantic exchange of goods, people and ideas that began when Columbus arrived in the Caribbean in 1492, ending the separation of the hemispheres (corn, slaves,diseases) Tenochtitlan: Capital of the Mexican empire Hernan Cortez (Early 1500’s): organized an expedition to investigateTenochtitlan, took the ruler Montezuma captive Defeated the Mexican empire dueto their military weapons and diseases they spread Encomienda System: the way the Spanish established their control. Abstract as much money out of the region and send it back to Spain. None of the money created stays in the region If natives don’t produce enough gold, they’re turned into slaves |
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English/GB: -Empires -Explorations -Settlements |
ENGLISH/GB: -TRYING TO TAKE OVER LIKE SPAIN DID, BUT DIDN’T FIND GOLD -ESTABLISHEDBY ROYAL CHARTERS -CAMEFOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM (massachusetts) or FOR MONEY (VIRGINIA) -MIDDLECLASS FARMERS, TRADESMEN, INDENTURED SERVANTS, CONVICTED CRIMINALS -COLONISTSCOULD SET UP LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, TAX THEMSELVES -NONCATHOLIC, PURITANS -FARMING,FISHING, TRADING, EXPORT TOBACCO, RICE, TIMBER, FISH, TOBACCO MAIN SOURCE OFREVENUE IN VIRGINIA & NORTH CAROLINA COLONIES -RAPIDPOPULATION GROWTH -ORIGINALLYFRIENDLY WITH NATIVES, RELIED ON THEM FOR TRADE, GREED AND LAND, LED TOCONFLICTS WITH NATIVES |
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English/GB Definitions: -Jamestown/Chesapeake -Puritans -Predestination -Powhatan Confederacy -Indentured servants -Jamestown Middle Passage |
Jamestown/Chesapeake Bay (1607): First permanent British(English) settlement in the new world in the south Wanted to become rich Not interested in settling, all men Tobacco made it wealthy Indentured servants, then slaves Starved b/c didn’t plant crops Puritans: from England, escaping persecution from the Roman Catholic Church. Settle in Massachusetts forming permanent settlement Predestination: -Puritans believed pre-destined at birth whether or not you would go to heaven or hell Powhatan Confederacy: -Tribes that lived in Virginia(Jamestown) John Rolfe: -Husband of Pocahontas -Planted tobacco seeds in 1612, they flourished in Virginia Indentured Servants: -Contract that committed poorimmigrants to 4 or 7 years of labor in exchange for passage to the colonies,food & shelter -Receive 50 acres at end Jamestown Middle Passage: -Crossing of the Atlantic(as a slave destined for auction) in the hold of a slave ship in 18 and 19thcentury -Bad conditions, many slaves died during the voyage |
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Question 2: Compare and contrast three major regionswhich the English settled in the New World: New England, the Chesapeake (andlower South), and the Middle Colonies. What kind of societies and economies did they establish by the late 17thand early 18th century? Whyand how did they differ? |
North, Middle and Southern Colonies |
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Northern Colonies: (Massachusetts) |
-FAMILIES, GET AWAY FROM RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION FROM ANGLICANS -FARMERS GREW FOOD FOR FAMILY -FISH WAS ABUNDANT EXPORT -NOT RICH ECONOMY -4TH WEALTH AS COLONISTS IN SOUTHERN -NO SLAVES PURITANS |
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Middle Colonies: (Pennsylvania) |
-VERY DIVERSE SOCIETY DUE TO IMMIGRATION FROM GERMAN, IRISH, SCOTTISH -NEW WHITE SETTLERS POURED INTO MIDDLE COLONIES FOR OPPORTUNITIES GROW WHEAT,LOTS OF CROPS -Philadelphia became the center of the colonies - End of the colonial period 30,000 people lived there, having come from diverse nations and practicing numerous trades |
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Southern Colonies: (Chesapeake & lower South) |
-VIRGINIA,MARYLAND, N AND S CAROLINA, GEORGIA VERY LARGE POPULATION -SLAVERY DEFINING CHARACTERISTIC -INDENTURED SERVANTS SLAVE TRADE GREW -TOBACCO CASHCROP PRODUCED RICE & INDIGO -SOUTHERN PLANTERS EXPECTED SLAVES TO WORK NONSTOP -SUPPLIED 90%OF ALL N. AMERICAN EXPORTS TO BRITAIN OLIGARCHY-RULE BY ELITE FEW MAJORITY PROTESTANTS |
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ESSAY QUESTION #3: Evaluate the importance of three ofthe following as factors prompting Americans to rebel in 1776: · British parliamentarytaxation · Restrictions ofcolonial civil liberties · Establishment ofcolonial assemblies · Philosophy of JohnLocke |
yeah |
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Evaluate the importance of three ofthe following as factors prompting Americans to rebel in 1776 ((British Parliamentary Taxation)) |
Stamp Act Tea Tax The British could not tax because the parliament didn’t adequately represent Americans |
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Evaluate the importance of three of the following as factors prompting Americans to rebel in 1776 ((Restrictions of Colonial Civil Liberties)) |
-Colonists couldn’t have representation in their colonies -Increased British military -Quartering act -Disrespected by soldiers -British military courts, not tried in colonial courts |
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Evaluate the importance of three of the following as factors prompting Americans to rebel in 1776 ((Philosophy of John Locke)) |
-Believed people had unalienable rights: life, liberty and the pursuit of land -These influences showed the colonists that they should have these god given rights -If the government doesn’t protect civil rights, then abolish them -Influenced declaration of independence |
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-Stamp Act -Sons of Liberty -Treaty of Paris -Colonial Assemblies |
Stamp Act (1765): Imposed a tax on all paper used for official documents, required to prove taxes had been paid Designed for British to gain money Violators were tried in British court Sons of Liberty (1760): Sam Adams & John Hancock First non-importation boycotts Treaty of Paris (1763): -Ended the 7 years’war -Canada and the entire present-day United States east of the Mississippi came under British control -Major defeat for Native Americans in North America Colonial Assemblies (1765): -Received, discussed,distributed & acted on political news -Gathering of colonial leaders -Colonies becoming units and seen as a whole -Wanted internal decisions |
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-Boston Tea Party -Boston Massacre -Common Sense Pamphlet -Samuel Adams |
Boston Tea Party (1773): -Protest by sons of liberty, destroyed British tea -Tea tax was imposed on colonial merchants, but not on British companies that brought it over Boston Massacre (1770): Street fight between British soldiers Several colonists killed Led to propaganda Samuel Adams: (Mid 1700) -Founding father of US -Urged a final break from Britain & signed the Declaration of Independence Common Sense pamphlet (1770): Thomas Paine inspired people in the 13 Colonies to declare and fight for independence from Great Britain Criticized the monarchy Replicated thousands of times |
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-First Continental Congress -Loyalists, "Tories" |
First Continental Congress (1774): Every colony except Georgia met to discuss the crisis Some wanted total ban on trade, others opposed trade Produced declaration of rights Wanted militia Declaration ofrights was seen as a declaration of war, started Lexington and concord war Loyalists/”Tories”: American colonists who remained loyal to the British during American Revolutionary War |
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Explain the ((crises)), controversies andcompromises which created the U.S. Constitution in late 1780's? Secondly, explain the major politicalprinciples which are enshrined in the Constitution. |
Crises that created the US constitution? -Debt how they will pay for war -Inflation: If you base your war on a new currency, it probably won’t last. Called continental $$ -Need to establish a stable government that will last -Serious revolts/rebellions happened in Massachusetts over people not wanting to pay tax (Shay’s rebellion) -Expensive to raise an army, but they need protection -Need a central government to raise army -The central (national) gov. was too weak, had little control to respond to anything Political Principles in Constitution: Popular Sovereignty: people are the only source of government’s power Limited Government: only has powers that people through laws have given it Constitutionalism (Rule of Law): government bound by Constitution & civil rights Separation of Powers: three branches Checks-and-Balances: branches intertwined Federalism: division of power between national and state governmentstp^ |
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Explain the crises, controversies and compromises which created the U.S. Constitution in late 1780's? Secondly, explain the major political principles which are enshrined in the Constitution. [[Weakness of Articles of Confederation]] |
Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation: Financial problems: -Debt, inflation and taxes -Difficulty raising taxes Continental dollar almost worthless -VERY difficult to get all 13 states to agree on any amendment, led to 9 out of 13 needed -Gov. did not have enough power, got rid of the strong executive system the British had on them -Colonists had too much power |
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-Separation of Power -Boston Tea Party -Battle of Yorktown -Northwest Ordinances |
Separation of Power: Political doctrine of Montesquieu Urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches ofgovernment Boston Tea Party (1770) Political protest by sons of liberty Threw tea overboard Response to tea taxes one of major crises withimperial confrontation which led to the four coercive acts imposed by the British Battle of Yorktown (late 1700): French & Americans fought British British surrendered British recognized America's independence Led to treaty of Paris Northwest Ordinances(1784): -Established orderly process for new settlement -Developed “gridpattern” of US settlements -Guaranteed settlers a basic bill of rights -Prohibited importation of slaves into NW territories |
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-Battle of Saratoga -Bill of Rights -Election of 1800 |
Battle of Saratoga(1777): Victory for patriots, turning point in revolutionary war Alliance with France came out of this Bill of Rights: pg g-1 back of book Election of 1800: When the 2 parties (federalists and democrat-republicans) were established -Adams supported federalist, focused on industry, Northern states -Jefferson supported republican, focused on southern states, agriculture |
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Articles of Confederation Definition |
Articles of Confederation (1777): -No president or judiciary -Congress was the sole governing agency -Nat'l gov had no power over direct taxation -States remained sovereign & independent, with Congress serving as the last resort on appeal of disputes -Congress had authority to make treaties & alliances, maintain armed forces &coin money -Central gov couldn't impose taxes or regulate trade Articlesof Confederation (drafted—1777; ratified 1781); firstnational government -unicameral system and weak executive; -powers over foreign relations, disputesbetween states, maritime and Indian affairs; currency -”firm league of friendship:” Articlesrequired unanimous support of states for amendments |
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Hamilton's Financial Plan Constitutional Convention |
Hamilton’s financial plan (1790): Gov. assume entire debt of federal gov & thestates 1) paying off all war debts (including state debts) 2) raising government revenues 3) creating a national bank Constitutional Convention (1787) -Took place b/c of protests by american farmers, Massachusetts most affected -Address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation -Produced the constitution |
