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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Malaria
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-caused by a protozoan called Plasmodium that attacks red blood cells through breaking down hemoglobin
-carried and spreaded through Anopheles gambiae mosquitos *was a conclusion from our ancestors settling down and using slash and burn agriculture which allowed the mosquitos to proliferate *3 million people still die a year from this endemic |
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epidemic
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-a disease that continues to strike an area
-the disease is temporary prevalent -growing populations or over-populated areas were feeding grounds for such diseases *killed off large amounts of populations, for example, the 1st widespread epidemic, the Antonine plague, killed 1/4-1/3 of the infected areas |
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pandemic
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-is when an epidemic spreads further across larger areas such as continents or worldwide
-most deadliest was bubonic plague or the Black Death -pandemics have dramatic mortality rates worldwide *shows the strength and swiftiness of killer diseases |
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endemic
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-a disease that exists permanently in a particular region or population
-example is malaria in parts of Africa *shows how disease can be permanently prevalent and the constant battle humans have against disease |
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disease of childhood
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-infectious disease that strikes at an early age in a society
-they are endemic but can become epidemic or pandemic *death rates for children were high until the 1940s b/c of antibiotics *shows how diseases can attack certain people at a certain age |
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Materia Medica
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-general term for all substances used as curative agents
-written by Dioscorides, a Greek surgeon *describes the medicinal properties of about 600 plants and more than 1000 drugs |
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Asclepius
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-was the God of Healers/Healing
-patients would go to shrine, spend the night, and ask for help -the God would then show in a dream to cure them or instructions by his priest *different forms of healing and the way cheaper than a physician |
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Hippocrates
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-a famous physician and teacher that lived in Thessaly during the Pelponesian War
-isn't really connected to the Hippocratic Corpus but is regarded to creae system of humours -the Corpus was written by many authors that believed health was equilibrium that was imbalanced when sick *health and disease can be reasoned without supernatural forces |
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humours
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-natural fluids that kept system balanced
-phlegm, blood, yellow bile, and black bile -when imbalance occurred the body released humours such as a nose bleed or menstrual cycle *lead to blood-letting which was perfected by Galen and humours were the basis for Hippocratic medicine |
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Hippocratic Oath
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-oath was a very moral pledge
-apprentice agreement -created a selfless physician that swore on guidelines *showed how serious physicians that practiced Hippocratic medicine were with their patients and profession |
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Methodist
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-a new medical sect that arose in Italy and in Rome that were dominant in Latin medicine
-believed the body was made up of atoms and pores -illness was imbalance of atoms and pores *Greek ideas were still strong even with the military rule of Rome and they debated publicly with Galen |
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Galen
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-was a prolific writer and vigorous debater of medicine
-gave detailed description of Antonine plague when he fled from Rome -created a synthesis of medicine based on the Hippocratic Corpus, Plato, and Aristotle -his practices and medicine were hard to contradict *had a lot of experience through emperors and gladiators, his texts survived longer than anyone before him, created basis for natural philosophy, and teachings remained until 19th century |
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Venesection
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-also called bloodletting
-using a knife to open a vein or applying leeches to the skin above a supposed lesion -times were chosen b/c they didn't do it on birthdays, full moon, etc *used to create an equilibrium when there was an imbalance and Galen perfected venesection |
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Learned medicine
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-body in understandable through reason
-disease is part of the natural order *union between science, philosophy, and practice within the physician |
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Anglo-Saxon Medicine
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-written in vernacular language
-remedies, astronomical advice -some Greek therapy -classic humours -used shrines, holy men, and saints for specific illnesses *philosophy gets in the "backseat" |
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Uroscopy
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-the examination of one's urine visually
-look in urine for puss, blood, or other symptoms of disease -Anglo-Saxon used in their medicine *allowed a diagnosis without technology and it was simple |
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Salerno
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-city in southern Italy
-thriving medical community in touch with Greek and Arab worlds along with Monte Cassino -a monk, Alphanus, from Monte Cassion becomes archbishop and Christianizes Galen -teachings were passed on from Hippocrates to Galen to Constantine to Latin West *how the teachings of Galen reached Latin West *six "non-naturals" will set-up Salernitan Regimes of Health |
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Articella
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-turning point of medicine in the West
-based on theories and Galenic theory -back to natural philosophy *1st book since the fall of the Roman Empire |
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learned physicians
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-possible through translation accompanied the development of university medicine
-smallest group providing medical care and had a lot of competition -did not cut; left that for surgeons but did write prescriptions *continued Hippocratic Oath and creates guidelines and qualifications for physicians |
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surgeons
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-below the doctor in the medieval medical hierarchy
-more in common with physician than lower competitors like barber-surgeon -had own books and impressive methods *did the cutting instead of the physician and showed that people still followed the Hippocratic Oath |
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Black Death
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-the most deadliest pandemic in history and was caused by the bubonic plague
-remains endemic and has some epidemics for example in London -originated in China and passed through Mongol Empire *kills of about a 1/4 of the population, freeing of labor work which destroys social structure, and also, creates an "any moment you can die" art |
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"flee early, flee far, return late"
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-motto used when the Black Death struck
-it meant to avoid the plague by waiting for it to pass over -mainly the richer classes could do this *this seemed like the only solution since the plague hit so quickly and deadly |
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Iberians immunologically fit
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-in touch with the outside world in a way few others were
*gone to Rome as emperors and soldiers marched *involved with invading Arabs *Iberians were melting pot of Christians, Arabs, and incoming Jews *Crusaders stopped at Iberian ports during journey *traded from the North Sea to Eastern Mediterranean *fished in North Atlantic *Portuguese drew Africa and Africans into Iberian life -ports created clearing houses for diseases |
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New World vs. Old World
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-New World had been dangerously exempted from the disease pools of the Old World
-when Europeans landed there was a very long list of diseases that struck the Natives -it is claimed that the hurricane of diseases killed about 90 percent of the 1492 population -1st American epidemic struck Hispaniola -epidemic after epidemic struck the New World destroying social, political, economic, and religious life |
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disease and nutrition consequences of imperialism
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-widespread cultivation of the potato became an important source of vitamins and minerals
-maize and wheat bread became part of diet -more domestication of animals from people moving to cities -farmers could carry animals over through winter creating milk, cheese, eggs, and meats all year round -high protein to help fight off diseases -milk helped infants fight off childhood diseases -improved transportation helped deliver fresh foods -deficiency diseases from constricted diets |
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Middle Ages-West vs. Eastern old Roman Empire
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-massive decline in the number and quality of medical writings available
-short handbooks replaced learned disquistions -"do-it-yourself" handbooks, primarily of dietic medicine -ecclesiastical takeover of medical learning |
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structure of medicine change at High Middle Ages
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-theoretical speculation
-Salerno was in touch with Greek, Arab and Monte Cassino -translations of Arabic texts into Latin -re-establish Galenic academic learning -philosophy is back |
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Christianity view of body effect early Western medicine
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-pain from illness was not original to God's design so pain entered through original sin and was penalty for disobedience
-priests tend to the soul and physician would tend to the ailments -clerics in Rome were forbade from doing surgery -Saints were healers -people would pilgrimage -views caused confrontations during epidemics |
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How was Greek medicine holistic
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-focused on humours, fluids whose equilibrium was vital for life
-emphasized "animal spirits, superfine fluids mediating between the body and the mind -postulated "souls" that governed bodily functions vegetable, animal, intellectual -health and illness were "organic" in the sense of deriving from inner processes -all aspects of the person were interlinked -illness was an expression of changes, abnormalities, or weaknesses in the whole person |
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implications of the mechanical science view of man
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-Descartes and Hobbes denounced Aristotle for falsely endowing Nature
-Nature was explained through laws of mechanics, numbers, and was a machine -humours were dismissed b/c of dissections -arguments on solid body parts created more reasonable explanations -wellbeing was compared to the running of a well-tuned, well-oiled machine and sickness was a breakdown -led to the belief that material interventions could relieve or cure |
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Miasma vs. Contagion
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-miasma was a counter-theory to contagions
-atmospheric exhalations given off by stagnant ponds, rotting vegetables and animal matter, human waste, and anything else that was filthy -explained why slum districts and the poor were severely stricken in times of epidemics -linking of soil, environment, atmosphere and sickness -to resolve these miasmas people would call for a change by cleaning up the slum districts -contagion diseases that were spread through person to person contact -started by Fracastoro about Syphilis -believed taking out people who were contagious would stop the spread -developed quarantine systems -believed to be connected with magic and diabolism -it was believed that diabolical maleficium was transmitted from person to person |
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alternative medicines shared certain convictions
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-made a break with regular medicine
*no magic or supernatural forces *no philosophy *used natural resources such as water, vegetables, self-control -believed the whole system of allopathic medicine was wrong *sickness was on one's self, spiritually *said the orthodox used poisonous drugs -new plan of life by Nature's way *natural modes of healing through pure water or herbs alone -self-improvement *change one's life *take control over one's health -holism *against "pill for every ill" -Mother nature is the way *scientific simplicities of regular medicine are poisoning you |
