History 212 Figures, Midterm

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Marsilio Ficino

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1433-99
first translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin 1484
wrote On Pleasure, 1457;
wrote Little Commentary [on Lucretius], late 1450s; wrote Translation of Hermetic Corpus, 1460;
wrote Platonic Theology, 1474

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Lorenzo de’ Medici

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1449-92
he was a diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, and poets
one of the behind the scene rulers of Florence

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Giorgio Vasari

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1512-74, wrote Lives of the Artists, 1st ed. 1550; 2nd ed. 1563

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Michelangelo di Buonarroti

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1475-1564
Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer

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Vitruvius

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wrote On Architecture, 1st c CE
superior copy recovered in 1416 by Poggio Bracciolini

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Isidore of Seville

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560-636, wrote Etymologies

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Strabo

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63 BCE-24 CE, wrote Geography

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Guarino of Verona

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1374-1460
studied Greek at Constantinople, where for five years he was the pupil of Manuel Chrysoloras

became a professor of Greek at Ferrara

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Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini

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1405-64; Pope Pius II after 1458

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Mattäus Schwartz

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1497-c. 1574 (Augsburg)
work for the wealthy Augsburg merchant Jakob Fugger

wrote manuscript on accounting entitled Dreierlay Buchhaltung (three-fold bookkeeping

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Jakob Fugger

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c. 1495-1525 (Augsburg)
Fugger was a major merchant, mining entrepreneur and banker of Europe

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Arnold of Brescia

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c. 1090-1155
Italian canon regular (priests living in community under the Rule of St. Augustine) from Lombardy

teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency after his death

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Dante Alighieri

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1265-1321, wrote Monarchy
Divine Comedy

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Pope Boniface VIII

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1294-1303, wrote Unam Sanctam

He organized the first Roman Catholic "jubilee" year to take place in Rome and declared that both spiritual and temporal power were under the pope's jurisdiction, and that kings were subordinate to the power of the Roman pontiff. Today, he is probably best remembered for his feuds with Dante, who placed him in the Eighth Circle of Hell in his Divine Comedy, among the simoniacs.

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Francesco Petrarca [Petrarch]

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1304-74
Poet Laureate, Rome, 1341;
wrote Italia mia (1344); and Invective Against a Detractor of Italy (1375)
one of the earliest humanists
rediscovery of Cicero's letters

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Cola di Rienzo

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c. 1313-1354
Italian medieval politician and popular leader, tribune of the Roman people in the mid-14th century.

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Babylonian Captivity

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1309-78
period of The Avignon Papacy

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Great Schism

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1378-1417
Papal Schism was a split within the Catholic Church, first there were two popes, then three

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Emperor Henry VII

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r. 1312-14
King of Germany (or Rex Romanorum) from 1308 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1312. He was the first emperor of the House of Luxembourg. During his brief career he reinvigorated the imperial cause in Italy

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Emperor Charles IV

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r. 1355-78
second king of Bohemia from the House of Luxembourg

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Bridget of Sweden

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1303-73
was a mystic and saint, and founder of the Bridgettines nuns and monks

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Catherine of Siena

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1347-80
was a tertiary of the Dominican Order, and a Scholastic philosopher and theologian.

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Lombard League

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1167
a medieval alliance formed to counter the attempts by the Holy Roman Emperors from the House of Hohenstaufen to assert Imperial influence over Italy

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Battle of Legnano

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1176
between the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, led by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, and the Lombard League. The Imperial army suffered a major defeat.

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Condottieri

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the leaders (or warlords) of the professional, military free companies (or mercenaries) contracted by the Italian city-states and the Papacy

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Italian Wars

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1494-1559
involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, most of the major states of Western Europe (France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, and Scotland) as well as the Ottoman Empire.

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Coluccio Salutati

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1331-1406 (Chancellor of Florence after 1375),
wrote Declamation of Lucretia

Tuscan humanist
he was effectively the permanent secretary of state in the generation before the rise of the Medici

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Robert of Anjou

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King of Naples 1309-43
the central figure of Italian politics of his time

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Gian Galeazzo Visconti

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1351- 1402 (Duke of Milan after 1395)
first Duke of Milan and ruled the late-medieval city just before the dawn of the Renaissance

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Marcus Tullius Cicero

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106-43 BCE
wrote De Oratore; Pro Archia; Letters to Atticus
a Roman philosopher, politician, lawyer, orator, political theorist, consul and constitutionalist

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Vespasiano da Bisticci

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1421-1498,
wrote Lives of Illustrious Men of the Fifteenth Century

dealer in books

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(Gian Francesco) Poggio Bracciolini

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1380-1459
wrote On the Vicissitudes of Fortune

Florentine/Roman scholar, writer and an early humanist. He recovered a great number of classical Latin manuscripts, mostly decaying and forgotten in German, Swiss, and French monastic libraries, including the only surviving Lucretius

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Council of Constance

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1414-18
The council ended the Three-Popes Controversy

Election of Pope Martin V
Condemnation and execution of Jan Hus

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Lorenzo Valla

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c. 1407-57
wrote Elegance of the Latin Language 1441
wrote De voluptate [On Pleasure], 1431

Italian humanist, rhetorician, and educator. He is best known for his textual analysis that proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery. Believed that culture reflects power, promotes Latin.
-Florence

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Manuel Chrysoloras

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c. 1355-1415
a pioneer in the introduction of Greek literature to Western Europe during the late middle ages.

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Fall of Constantinople

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1453
Taken from the Roman empire by the Ottoman empire

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Leonardo Bruni

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c. 1370-1444, chancellor of Florence 1410-11 and 1427-44
wrote On the History of the Florentine People (1442)

an Italian humanist, historian and statesman. He has been called the first modern historian.

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Johann Reuchlin

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1455-1522
a German humanist and a scholar of Greek and Hebrew. For much of his life, he was the real centre of all Greek and Hebrew teaching in Germany.

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Vittorino da Feltre

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1378-1446
Italian humanist and teacher

At Mantua, Vittorino set up a school at which he taught the marquis's children and the children of other prominent families, together with many poor children, treating them all on an equal footing

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Gianfrancesco Gonzaga of Mantua

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1395-1444
He inherited the rule of Mantua in 1407, when he was 12.
He fought for the Papal States and the Malatestas in 1412 and 1417, respectively

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Niccolò d’Este III of Ferrara

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1383-1441
Marquess of Ferrara from 1393 until his death. He was also a condottiero.

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Leonello d’Este

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1407-50
was marquis of Ferrara and Duke of Modena and Reggio Emilia from 1441 to 1450.

Leonello was one of the three illegitimate sons of Niccolò d'Este III and Stella de' Tolomei. He received a military education

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Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta of Rimini

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1417-68
Italian condottiero and nobleman, a member of the House of Malatesta and lord of Rimini, Fano, and Cesena from 1432.

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Federico da Montefeltro of Urbino

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1422-82
one of the most successful condottieri of the Italian Renaissance, and lord of Urbino

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Hesiod

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wrote Theogony [Birth of the Gods] c. 700 BCE
first European poetry in which the poet regards himself as a topic

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studiolo

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a study

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Giovanni Dominici

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1356-1419,
wrote Lucula noctis (Fire Fly), c. 1405
Italian Dominican friar who became a Cardinal, statesman and writer. His ideas had a profound influence on the art of Fra Angelico, who entered the Order through him

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Girolamo Savonarola

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1452-98
1452 (Ferrara)-1498 (Florence)

Italian Dominican friar and preacher active in Renaissance Florence, and known for his prophecies of civic glory and calls for Christian renewal

Fire and brimstone preacher

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Titus Lucretius Carus

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c. 94-55 BCE,
wrote De rerum natura [On the Nature of Things], recovered 1417
was a Roman poet and philosopher, beliefs of Epicureanism

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Epicurus

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341-270 BCE
the purpose of philosophy was to attain the happy, tranquil life, characterized by ataraxia—peace and freedom from fear—and aponia—the absence of pain—and by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends. He taught that pleasure and pain are the measures of what is good and evil; death is the end of both body and soul and should therefore not be feared; the gods neither reward nor punish humans; the universe is infinite and eternal; and events in the world are ultimately based on the motions and interactions of atoms moving in empty space.

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Niccolò Machiavelli

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1469-1527
Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer based in Florence
founder of modern political science, and more specifically political ethics
wrote the Prince

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Piero di Cosimo

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1462-1522
Italian Renaissance painter

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Council of Ferrara-Florence-Rome

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1438-45
Unification of the Church
Authority of Rome

in which the Latin and Greek churches tried to reach agreement on their doctrinal differences and end the schism between them. The council ended in an agreed decree of reunion, but the reunion was short-lived. The Council of Ferrara-Florence was not a new council but was the continuation of the Council of Basel,

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Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

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1463-94;
wrote 900 Theses 1486
an Italian Renaissance philosopher.

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Prisca Scientia; Prisca Theologia

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doctrine within the field of comparative religious studies that asserts that a single, true, theology exists, which threads through all religions, and which was given by God to man in antiquity.

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Kabbala

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is an esoteric (intended for or likely to be understood by only a small number of people with a specialized knowledge or interest) method, discipline, and school of thought that originated in Judaism

part of rediscovery of Greek/Arabic texts

Pico uses for there argument, hidden body of text that grants divine knowledge, no need for hierarchy

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Lorenzo Ghiberti

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1378-1455;
wrote Commentaries 1447-1455 (unfinished)

Trained as a goldsmith and sculptor
a Florentine Italian artist of the Early Renaissance best known as the creator of the bronze doors of the Baptistry of Florence Cathedral

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Filippo Brunelleschi

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1377-1466
one of the foremost architects and engineers
development of linear perspective and for engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral

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Leon Battista Alberti

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1407-72,
wrote On Painting 1435-6
wrote on family
wrote Ten Books on Architecture 1452;
wrote Momus, c. 1443-50;
wrote On Porcari’s Conspiracy, c. 1454;
wrote On Devising Ciphers, 1467

Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, cryptographer

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Piero della Francesca

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1415-92,
wrote Flagellation, c. 1460;
wrote On Perspective Painting, c. 1472-82;
wrote On the Five Regular Bodies, after 1482

a painter

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Luca Pacioli

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1466/7-1517
wrote Summa of Arithmetic, Geometry and Proportion (Venice, 1494); Geometry [Latin translation of Euclid’s Elements], 1509; On Divine Proportion, written Milan 1494-8; printed Venice, 1505

an Italian mathematician, Franciscan friar, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci, and seminal contributor to the field now known as accounting.

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Euclid

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c. 300 BCE,
wrote Elements (one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics)

a Greek mathematician

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Leonardo da Vinci

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1452- 1519
painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer

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Albrecht Dürer

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1471-1558
wrote The Painter’s Manual, 1525

a German painter, engraver, printmaker, mathematician, and theorist from Nuremberg

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Donatello

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1386-1466
an early Renaissance Italian sculptor from Florence

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Masaccio

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1401-28
e first great painter of the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaissance

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Andrea Mantegna

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c. 1431-1506
an Italian painter, a student of Roman archeology

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Flavio Biondo

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1388-1463,
wrote Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire, 1442 (published 1483)

an Italian Renaissance humanist historian

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Law of the Catasto

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1427
is the Italian system of land registration

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Cosimo de’ Medici

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1389-1464 [exile and return 1433-34]
was the first of the Medici political dynasty, de facto rulers of Florence during much of the Italian Renaissance

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Angelo Ambrogini (known as Poliziano, or Politian)

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1454-94
an Italian classical scholar and poet of the Florentine Renaissance

translations of passages from Homer's Iliad, an edition of the poetry of Catullus and commentaries on classical authors and literature.

He served the Medici as a tutor to their children, and later as a close friend and political confidante. His later poetry, including La Giostra, glorified his patrons.

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Sandro Botticelli

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c. 1455-1510

an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance.
belonged to the Florentine School under the patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici

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Giovanni Rucellai

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1403-81
a member of a wealthy family of wool merchants in Renaissance Florence,
held political posts under Cosimo and Lorenzo de' Medici, but is principally remembered for building Palazzo Rucellai,

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Palla di Noferi Strozzi

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1372 (Florence)-1462 (Padua)
rich banking family of the Strozzi.[1] He was educated by humanists, learning Greek and Latin, and establishing an important collection of rare books

secured the imprisonment of Cosimo, when Cosimo returned, both the Strozzi and Albizzi families were exiled in turn

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Filarete (Antonio di Pietro Averlino)

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c. 1400-c. 1469,
wrote Treatise on Architecture c. 1464

a Florentine Renaissance architect, sculptor and architectural theorist. He is perhaps best remembered for his design of the ideal city of Sforzinda, the first ideal city plan of the Renaissance.

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Sebastiano Serlio

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1475 (Bologna)- 1554 (Fontainebleau),
wrote Seven Books on Architecture

an Italian Mannerist architect, who was part of the Italian team building the Palace of Fontainebleau.

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Francesco Sforza

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1401-66,
ruler of Milan

an Italian condottiero, the founder of the Sforza dynasty in Milan, Italy

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Pope Nicholas V

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1447-55
saw the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks

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Pope Pius II

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1458-64
His longest and most enduring work is the story of his life, the Commentaries,

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Stefano Porcari

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conspiracy 1453

eader of a rebellion against Pope Nicholas V and the tyrannic Papal authority.

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Pope Julius II

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1503-13

nicknamed "The Fearsome Pope"[1] and "The Warrior Pope"
His papacy was marked by an active foreign policy, ambitious building projects, and patronage for the arts—he commissioned the destruction and rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica, plus Michelangelo's decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

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King Alfonso the Magnanimous

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1396-1458: Alfonso V of Aragon after 1416; Alfonso I of Naples after 1442

He was one of the most prominent figures of the early Renaissance and a knight of the Order of the Dragon.

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Emperor Maximilian

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1493-1516

was King of the Romans (also known as King of the Germans) from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death, though he was never in fact crowned by the Pope
He expanded the influence of the House of Habsburg

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Pope Leo X

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1513-21

Following the death of Pope Julius II
granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica
He borrowed and spent heavily

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Council of Basel

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1433-9

Supremacy of Papacy
Hussite Heresy

declared that a general council draws its powers immediately from God and that even the pope is subject to a council’s direction