History 2084 Midterm

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Almoravids

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Berber dynasty in North Africa and Spain in 11th and 12th centuries; influential power in Mediterranean with influence in Italy and Sicily as well.

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Almohads

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Berber dynasty in same area as Almoravids in 12th and 13th centuries. Eventually pushed out of Spain by Castille and Aragon.

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Pays du droit ecrit"

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"Land of the written law;" laws of southern France, which was influenced more by Roman than Germanic law. Differed from the "land of customary law" in northern France. Difference existed until the 15th century.

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Exchequer

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Part of the governments of the British Isles that was in control of the management and collection of revenues, beginning in the 12th century after the Norman takeover.

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Ghelph

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AKA Welf; family of the Dukes of Bavaria who supported the Papacy in the 12th century during disputes between the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire. Name came to describe political parties allied with the pope against Barbarossa.

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Ghiberlline

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Political party allied with the Holy Roman Emperor Barbarossa in the 12th century against the Guelphs and the papacy. Named after the Hohenstaufens of Swabia, who were called the Waiblingen.

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Sacrum Imperium

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The Latin name for the Holy Roman Empire, an attempt by the papacy to revive the old Roman empire under Charlemagne in the 8th century. The HRE often clashed with the papacy and controlled most of what is now Germany and Italy.

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Minne

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The Minnesanger wrote and sang songs in High Middle German about courtly love from the 12th to the 14th century, and were similar to the troubadours.

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Podesta

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A podesta was a powerful official in a medieval Italian city. The term originated in the late 12th century as a parallel to the Muslim sultans. They were first appointed by the Holy Roman Emperor but came to be elected by the people.

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Ministeriales

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High-ranking peasants in feudal societies from the 11th to 13th centuries who gradually became equal to minor nobility.

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Lothar of Segni

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Became Pope Innocent III in the late 12th century; wrote several popular manuscripts; tried to prevent secular rulers from choosing bishops, opposed heresy, and called for the Fourth Crusade.

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Waldensians

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Persecuted as heretics in the 12th century; called on people to study the scriptures themselves and live in poverty while they preached.

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Cathars

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Heretical dualistic and Gnostic sect that grew quickly in medieval southern France who were widely persecuted in the early 13th century during the Albigensian Crusade.

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Philip II Augustus

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King of France in the late 12th and early 13th century. He increased the power and size of France by conquering rivals, and the country became more organized and prosperous, while increasing the power of the middle class.

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Bouvines

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Site of the Battle of Bouvines in 1214 where King Phillip II of France defeated a coalition under Otto IV of Germany, King John of England, and Count Ferrand of Flanders.

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Joachim of Fiora

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A mystical/esoteric monk who formed the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiora (also known as the Joachimites) in the early 13th century. Pope Innocent III declared him a heretic at the Fourth Lateran Council.

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Magna Carta

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Signed by King John in the early 13th century when the barons became enraged over his activities. It guaranteed the nobles of England certain rights.

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Jury of Peers

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Right granted to freemen in the Magna Carta that they had to be given a fair trial by a jury of other freemen in order to be prosecuted.

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Chateau Gaillard

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Castle in Normandy built in the late 12th century by Richard the Lionheart, who was simultaneously the Duke of Normandy and King of England.

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Ile de France

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Region in France that includes Paris.

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Ile de la Cite

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An island on the Siene in the center of Paris where the original medieval city was founded. It includes some of Paris's most important buildings.

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Francis of Assisi

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Founder of the Franciscan order of monks in Italy. Often in disagreement with the pope and promoted the idea that the Virgin Mary was born without sin. He lived a life of poverty and restored ruined churches.

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Dominic Guzman

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Founder of the Dominican order in Spain in the 13th century. The Dominicans lived lives of poverty and often became inquisitors.

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Lateran IV

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At the Fourth Lateran Council in the early 13th century, Pope Innocent III wanted to take stronger measures against heretics and form a new crusade. Frederick II became Holy Roman Emperor.

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Dogs of God

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Play on the name of the Dominican order, Dominicanus (which sounded like Domini canis). Also referred to the Dominicans' stance against heretics and their presiding over inquisitions.

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William of St. Amour

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French scholar in the 13th century who wrote mocking friars. He was particularly upset by the philosophies of the Dominicans and Franciscans and convinced Pope Innocent IV to limit their powers.

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Quadrivium

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Taught after the trivium in medieval universities; together they formed the seven liberal arts. The quadrivium included music, astronomy, arithmetic, and geometry, and was meant to prepare students for philosophy and theology.

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Latin Averroists

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Philosophy from the late 13th century based on a reconciliation of Aristotelian ideas with Islamic, and later Christian, faith; condemned by some in the Roman Catholic church.

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Constitutions of Melfi

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New laws in Sicily brought in by the Emperor Frederick II in the mid-13th century; strengthened the power of the king while weakening the other nobles and the clergy.

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Golden Bull of Rimini

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Issued by HRE Frederick II in mid-13th century; confirmed the power of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia.

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Piero della Vigna

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secretary and assistant to Frederick II in 13th century; also an accomplished poet. Accusations of heresy caused him to be blinded and imprisoned. He then committed suicide.

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Stupor Mundi

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"Wonder of the World," a nickname of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor in the 13th century, who was constantly clashing with the Pope and was excommunicated four times. He was seen as being a blasphemer and a heretic by many of his contemporaries.

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Albigensian Crusade

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A Crusade in Southern France in the early 13th century, intended to wipe out the Cathars; led to the failure of Catharism and southern Occitan France came under the control of the crown.

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Parlement de Paris

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Born out of the king's council in the early 14th century; legislative body that held power over all of France, with headquarters in the Ile de la Cite.

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Parliament

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began in 1066 as Great Councils called by the English king; evolved into the parliament during the early 13th century; generally called by the king when he needed to raise taxes.

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Babylonian Talmud

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a previously oral tradition of interpretations of the Jewish Bible that was written down in Babylon in the 5th century; different from the Jerusalem Talmud. Access to translated versions of it in the 13th century furthered Christian persecution of Jews and the Talmud was censored by the Dominicans.

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Sainte Chapelle

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Gothic chapel in the Ile de la Cite; seen as the high point of Gothic architecture; built to house French relics of Christ.

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Cantar del mio Cid

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The Song of my Lord; oldest preserved Spanish epic poem; meant to be performed in public by minstrels or juglares.

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Sachsenspiegel

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German laws written in the 13th century that were the first written in High German instead of Latin; had a lasting effect on the German legal system.

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Simon de Montfort

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An English earl of the 13th century who led a revolt against King Henry III, calling for an elected parliament; ruled for a year until killed by loyalist forces.

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Modus tenendi Parliamentum

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14th century document outlining English parliamentary procedures.

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Mortmain

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ownership of real estate by an institution (usually the church) that never reverts to the state and cannot be seized by the state.

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Entail

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ownership of real estate that is passed on by primogeniture and reverts to the state when there are no heirs left.

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Heavy plow

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The invention of the heavy plow in the 10th century led to easier farming, and its spread throughout Europe led to widespread increase in productivity.

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Roman de la Rose

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Allegorical medieval French poem from the 13th century that uses the "pursuit of the rose" as an allusion to the pursuit of a lady and female sexuality.

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Fairs of Champagne

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Annual trading fairs held in Champagne and Brie in the 12th and 13th centuries, where traders from all across the world would come to sell their goods.

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Factories

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Buildings where foreign traders would store and sell their goods in large cities; seen as more of a trading post than a place where goods were produced.

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Hansas

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Alliances of trading cities from the 13th century onwards that dominated trade in northern Europe; became legal and political entities.