History 205 Part 2

Front 1

Meiji Restoration

Back 1

1868-1912

Occurred after Emperor Komei's death and the Meiji Emperor's ascension to the throne.

Japan returned to Imperial rule. Tokugawa overthrown by Choshu-Satsuma alliance. Influenced by Kokugaku.

All Daimyo had to to surrender their land to the Emperor, thus creating a unified central state.

Samurai lose their right to carry swords, military reformed to a Western one.

New western education system implemented.

Start of Japan's period of rapid modernization.

Front 2

National studies (Nativism, Kokugaku)

Back 2

Advocated rejection of Chinese Confucianism and instead revival of Japan's traditional rationale of loyalty to the emperor and the Shinto gods.

Would influence the downfall of the Tokugawa and the subsequent Meiji revolution.

Front 3

Neo-Confucianism

Back 3

Wanted to remove the superstitious elements of Buddhism and Daoism which had appeared in Confucianism.

Stressed self cultivation was necessary to create balance between the universe and the individual.

Used Confucian classics as the base with 4 books in particular being the most important.

Mastery of Neo-Confucianism became the basis for the Imperial examination system.

Front 4

Nurhaci

Back 4

United the Jurchens (later renamed Manchu)
Established the 8-banner Military system.
Began the invasion of the Ming empire.
Considered to be the founder of the Great Qing empire.

Front 5

Okubo Toshimichi

Back 5

A leading political figure in Satsuma who agreed to ally with the Choshu in order to overthrow the Tokugawa. Later became a leading figure in the Meiji restoration.

Visited the west and was an advocate of westernization, supported internal reform and development of Japan. (wanted to establish a new education system and supported industrialization.)

Issued the Land tax reform, which standardized taxes throughout Japan.

Disagreed with Saigo Takamori's plans for expansion by conquering Korea and instead wanted to focus on strengthening Japan first.

Fought against Saigo Takamori's forces during the Satsuma rebellion.

Front 6

Opium wars

Back 6

1839-1842 First war
1856-1860 Second war

Opium initially shipped over on the claim that it was medicinal. Europeans introduced the idea of smoking it. Started selling opium due to dissatisfaction with the Canton trade system. Trade deficit reversed.

Qing wanted to ban the sale and use of Opium, sent in commissioner Lin Zexu to Canton to deal with the issue. Lin closed all trade as well as confiscated and destroyed all the British opium with water, salt and lime.
Charles Elliot promised that the crown would reimburse all the lost Opium. Destruction of British property gave an excuse for war.

British navy and superior firearms wrecked havoc on coastal towns, forced Qing to surrender.

Result- Treaty of Nanjing, Qing has to pay a huge indemnity, open up 4 new ports, and hand over Hong Kong to the British.

Second war
Broke out over the Chinese boarded the pirate ship Arrow which was flying a British flag.
French also get involved and Anglo-French forces overwhelm Qing forces and push to Beijing, burned down the Summer palace along the way.

Result- 10 new treaty ports, Opium trade legalized, Kowloon surrendered to the British, foreigners are allowed to travel throughout the country, and a large indemnity.

Front 7

Partible Inheritance

Back 7

Inheritance divided among each heir.

Different from Primogeniture inheritance- 1 heir receives all.

Problem in Korea as less land was passed down to each heir after each generation.

Front 8

Primogeniture

Back 8

Firstborn son inherits entire estate.

Primogeniture inheritance was practiced in China.

Front 9

Qianlong Emperor

Back 9

1711-1799

Ruled the Qing for 6 decades

Expanded the Qing territory even further.
Eliminated Turk and Mongol threat in the North, China had been used to having all threats come from the north.

Supporter of the arts, arranged the Siku Quanshu to copy and preserve various works. (36000 volumes, 3450 complete works)

The Siku Quanshu also destroyed/edited anti-Qing works.

Later years marred by corruption and embezzlement within the Imperial court.

Front 10

Rites' Controversy

Back 10

1704

Debate between Roman Catholics regarding ancestral worship and other Confucian rituals.

Jesuits argued that these rites are compatible with Christianity

Dominicans argued that these rites were not acceptable within Christianity.

Pope ruled in favor of the Dominicans, led to Kangxi banning Christianity in China.

Front 11

Russo-Japanese War

Back 11

1904-1905

First time an eastern power defeated a European power.

Russia gained the use of Port Arthur from China, Japan felt threatened by this.

Japan's navy attacked Russia in 1904 at Port Arthur.

Result- Russia forced to leave Manchuria, given back to the Chinese,
Japan gained control of the Liaotung Peninsula, the south Manchuria railroad and half of Sakhalin Island. Also Japan's rule over Korea was recognized.

Front 12

Sacred Edicts

Back 12

1670

16 commands issued by the Kangxi emperor in 1670 which outline how he believes his subjects are to behave.

Read aloud twice a month in every village.

Practical example of Confucian rule.

Front 13

Samurai

Back 13

Upper class of Japanese society.
Vassals to lords

During the Edo period, Samurai were forced to live in castle towns and only they were allowed to carry swords. Peace during the Edo period resulted in the decline of martial skills and instead many Samurai became government officials.

With the Meiji restoration, Samurai were no longer allowed to carry swords and ultimately the class was abolished.

Front 14

Sankin kōtai (alternate attendance)

Back 14

System started in 1635 by the Tokugawa to limit the power of the Daimyo.

Required that each Daimyo to move between Edo and his han alternating with every year. Each Daimyo's wife and heir had to remain in Edo, effectively making them hostages.
Also drained the funds of each Daimyo as they had to maintain mansions in both their han as well as Edo and they had to use resources on the processions back and forth.

Front 15

Satsuma

Back 15

A tozama daimyo lead domain.
The Satsuma Daimyo of the 1850s, Shimazu Nariakira, wanted Japan to modernize and was a supporter of westernization.

Allied with the Choshu Daimyo to overthrow the Tokugawa and bring about the Meiji restoration.

Following the Meiji restoration, Choshu and Satsuma politicians held most of the power.

Front 16

Self-strengthening Movement

Back 16

Fist SSM 1861-1872
Result of defeats in the Opium wars.

Adoption of Western firearms, machines, scientific knowledge and training of technical and diplomatic personnel through the establishment of a diplomatic office and a college.

Military- Development of military industries and shipbuilding dockyards. Li Hongzhang established the Nanjing and Tientsin Arsenals. Had help from foreign advisors in constructing these arsenals.

Issues with military industry as domestic products were more expensive to produce and inferior to imports. Lots of corruption.

Second SSM 1872-85
Focus-commerce, industry, and agriculture
Development of profit-oriented industries such as shipping, railways, mining, and telegraphy.
Corruption also plagued this undertanking.

Front 17

Taewon'gun

Back 17

1820-1898

Regent of Korea from 1864-1873
Supporter of isolationism, denied foreign requests to open up Korea and persecuted foreign missionaries.
Wanted to strengthen the Korean military to expel the foreigners.

Choose Qing Min for his son's wife. She would undo many of his reforms.

Tried to return to power twice but was removed by the Qing and the Japanese.

Front 18

Taiping Rebellion

Back 18

1850-1864

Civil war in southern China (20mil dead)

Led by Hong Xiuquan (believed he was the brother of Jesus) who established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Wanted to replace traditional religion (Confucianism, Buddhism) with Christianity.

Taipings advocated shared property and equality for women.

Rebellion began in the Guangxi Provence.

Qing had French and British assistance in suppressing the rebellion.

Result- Qing severely weakened by the massive destruction and loss of life.

Front 19

The Tributary Order

Back 19

Network of trade and foreign relations between China and China's "tributaries"

Tributary countries sent tributes to China, Emperor sends gift back, clear distinction between gift and tribute.

China viewed itself as the cultural center of the universe with the emperor being the Son of Heaven who held the mandate of heaven.

All other countries are barbarians.

Confucianism and the mandate of heaven are the basis of this system.

Entering the Tributary system was a requirement to trade with China, European adherence to this system made the Chinese overconfident.

Tributary system also influenced the culture of neighboring countries, such as Korea, who strongly supported the Ming.

Front 20

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Back 20

Became the leader of the Matsudaira clan after his father died in 1567.

Allied with Oda Nobunaga and would later become an ally of Hideyoshi. After Hideyoshi died Tokugawa would gain control of Japan after the battle of Sekigahara, thus starting the Tokugawa shogunate after being granted the title of Shogun by the Emperor.

Tokugawa Shogunate would hold power until the Meiji restoration.

Worked to reestablish stability in Japan, Japan adopted its policy of isolation under later Tokugawa rulers.

Front 21

Tonghak Rebellion

Back 21

1894

Peasant rebellion which started the first Sino-Japanese War.

Peasants turned to Tonghak religion which was against Westernization.

Turned to rebellion after government rejected the proposed reforms of the Tonghak.

Korea asked Qing for assistance, Qing sent in troops, this angered the Japanese because they had not been informed, sparked the first Sino-Japanese war.

Front 22

Treaty of Kanghwa

Back 22

1876, Treaty between Japan and Korea

Japan's used gunboat democracy to force Korea to sign an unequal treaty and open up. Like Commodore Perry had with Japan.

Ended Korea's status as a tributary state to the Qing.

Example of Japan acting like a western power.

Front 23

Unequal treaties

Back 23

Treaties between Asian countries and Western powers, (Japan would later force unequal treaties as well following the Meiji restoration).

China-Britain Treaty of Nanjin 1842
Korea-Japan Treaty of Kanghwa 1876
Japan-Us Kanagawa Treaty 1854

Front 24

Wu Sangui

Back 24

1612-1678

General of the Ming, forced to choose between the Manchus and the rebel army led by Li Zicheng. Choose to side with the Manchus, believing that they would leave, opened up the gates of the Great Wall to allow the Manchus to pass.

Later was rewarded with a feudatory in Yunan. When the Kangxi emperor ordered the lords of 3 feudatries to retire, they revolted and started a civil war (revolt of the 3 feudatories).

Founded the Zhou dynasty during this period, would later die in 1678 to dysentery and the revolt would fail not long later.

Front 25

Xinhai Revolution

Back 25

1911

Revolt that led to the end of the Qing.
Cause- Qing's inability to modernize effectively, failed SSMs as well as anti-Manchu resentment.

Composed of many uprisings throughout the country with the Wuchang uprising being the most prominent.

Qing forced to abdicate, power transfered to a new republic.

Front 26

Yangban

Back 26

Upper class of Korean society. Only Yangban were allowed to take the imperial exam. Initially they were exempted from taxes and received a stipend from the state which was paid for by the peasantry. Yangban status was originally hereditary but later on wealthy merchants could bribe officials and buy their way into the class. This caused issues as the Yangban system could no longer sustain itself, prompted reform.
Yangban were expected to dress and behave a certain way, to provide a role model for the lower class.