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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Article 9
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Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution.
Went into effect May 3, 1947 Prevents Japan from maintaining armed forces with war potential. Doesn't prevent Japan from maintaining forces for self defense due to the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan. So the JSDF is still allowed even under Article 9. Constitution drafted by SCAP and has not been changed since its enactment. Part of General Douglas MacArthur's legacy |
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Canton system of trade
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Regulated foreign trade in China.
Foreign traders restricted to a small district (the factories) in Canton during the shipping season. Foreign traders had to move to Macao during the offseason. Traders had to have a government issued license. By restricting traders to Canton, Qing government limited foreign influence. Trade monopolized by the Hong merchants, they controlled prices. Cause of the Macartney mission. Led to the Opium war. |
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Chiang Kai-shek
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Recieved Japanese military training and took part in the 1911 Revolution and joined Sun Yat-sen in the KMT.
Became the leader of the KMT after Sun's death in 1925. Led the Northern Expedition in 1925 to defeat the warlords in Northern China and unite the country. 1927-Shang-hai Massacre-1000s of suspected communists arrested 100s executed. Ensuing purge of communists 100s of thousands killed. Chiang tried to eliminate the communists through encirclement campaigns-led to the Long March and Mao's rise to power. Forced to work with the communists against the Japanese after being kidnapped by Zhang Xueliang during the Xi'an incident. After WWII ends, civil war resumes. Communists eventually defeat the KMT, despite KMT recieving US aid, Chiang and the remaining KMT forces flee to Taiwan and establish the Republic of China there. |
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Chinese Civil War
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Civil war between the Communists and the KMT in China. KMT backed by US, Communists backed the the Soviet Union.
Begins in 1927 with the Shanghai Massacre. KMT are victorious during the first part of the civil war and their encirclement campaigns force the Communists to do the Long March. Civil war paused as Chiang is forced to work with the communists against the Japanese after being kidnapped by Zhang Xueliang during the Xi'an incident. KMT fight conventional war against Japanese, Communists fight gureilla war. KMT is weakened more. Civil war resumes after WWII, Communists able to defeat the KMT. Communists won popular support and Chiang along with remaining KMT forces flee to Taiwan. To this day no official armistice or treaty between PRC and the ROC exists and both claim to be the legitimate China. |
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Empress Dowager Cixi
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1835-1908
Considered to be the most powerful person in Qing political history and controlled the Qing court for 47 years. She, along with Emp Dow Ci'an and Prince Gong would out maneuver the council of 8 regents appointed by the Xianfeng emperor for his son the Tongzhi emperor during the Xianfeng emperor's funeral procession. After the Tongzhi emperor died, she installed her nephew as emperor and became the regent for the Guangxu emperor. She was against westernizing and rejected the Hundred Days' Reforms of 1868, yet she supported the self strengthening movement. It wasn't until the effects of the failed Boxer Rebellion that she began to support reform. |
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Danwei
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Work unit-place of employment.
Each member was bound to their work unit for life. Each work unit responsible for creating their own housing, child care, schools, stores and other aspects of daily life. Members had to obtain permission from their Danwei before they could travel, marry or have children. Danweis crucial to the one child policy. Influence of the Danwei reduced following Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms. |
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Dejima
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The only port open for foreign traders in Edo Japan.
Originally created in 1634 by the Shogun to contain Portuguese traders and Christianity. The Dutch were forced to move to Dejima after the Tokugawa decided to expel all westerners apart from the Dutch. Dejima's would remain as Japan's only connection to the western world until 1858 when the Treaty of Kanagawa with the US was passed. |
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Deng Xiaoping
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A leading figure in Chinese politics from the 1950s to the 1990s. Became the leader of China after Mao's death, prior to this he was removed from power twice.
Implemented a wide range of economic reforms and led China towards a more market economy and allowed some free enterprise. He along with other party officials decided to use military force against the student protesters during the Tiananmen Square protest. |
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Douglas MacArthur
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The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan following Japan's surrender. Oversaw the occupation of Japan and Japan's transition to a democratic country.
MacArthur and his staff drafted a new constitution for Japan, new constitution gave women fundamental human rights and also included Article 9. Also implemented a major land reform in Japan and SCAP dissolved much of the Zaibatsu. Ordered the establishment of a military tribunal for War Crimes and appointed the judges of the tribunal. Occupation ends in 1951 with the San Francisco Peace Treaty. |
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DPRK
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Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Formed after Korea is divided along the 38th parallel following Japan's surrender with Kim Il-sung as the head and the country soon became fully communist. Stalin approves Kim's proposal to invade S.Korea after the US withdrew its forces from South Korea and China promises to send soldiers and the Korean war begins. Fighting ends with the establishment of a demilitarized zone Following the War Kim Il-sung's power grows and he eliminates all opposition through a series of purges. Relations between DPRK and the Soviet Union as well as China gradually became worse. North Korea loses its main source of economic aid when the Soviet Union collapses in 1991, this leads to an economic depression. Kim Il-sung becomes North Korea's eternal president after he dies, his son Kim Jong-il becomes the next head of state. Kim Jong-il focuses on a more militaristic country and the county becomes a military dictatorship rather than a communist state. South Korea tries to improve relations through the Sunshine policy, doesn't work. Kaesong Industrial Region established, allows foreign investment in this region. Kim Jong-il dies in 2011, his son Kim Jong-un takes over. N.Korea has been active with its nuclear weapons program and still remains hostile to the US. |
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Opium wars
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1839-1842 First war
1856-1860 Second war Opium initially shipped over on the claim that it was medicinal. Europeans introduced the idea of smoking it. Started selling opium due to dissatisfaction with the Canton trade system. Trade deficit reversed. Qing wanted to ban the sale and use of Opium, sent in commissioner Lin Zexu to Canton to deal with the issue. Lin closed all trade as well as confiscated and destroyed all the British opium with water, salt and lime. Charles Elliot promised that the crown would reimburse all the lost Opium. Destruction of British property gave an excuse for war. British navy and superior firearms wrecked havoc on coastal towns, forced Qing to surrender. Result- Treaty of Nanjing, Qing has to pay a huge indemnity, open up 4 new ports, and hand over Hong Kong to the British. Second war Broke out over the Chinese boarded the pirate ship Arrow which was flying a British flag. French also get involved and Anglo-French forces overwhelm Qing forces and push to Beijing, burned down the Summer palace along the way. Result- 10 new treaty ports, Opium trade legalized, Kowloon surrendered to the British, foreigners are allowed to travel throughout the country, and a large indemnity. |
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First Sino-Japanese War
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1894-95
Revealed the weakness of the first SSM, China had numerical advantage, but their fleet was slower and less coordinated. Not all of their fleet was mobilized. The Japanese win and lead to the Treaty of Shimonoseki. China is forced to cede the island of Taiwan and are forced to open up 4 more treaty ports and open up to foreign manufacturing. Qing lose Korea as a tributary state. Other foreign powers disagree with the terms of this treaty and force Japan to reduce the concessions. Scramble for China begins. |
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Great Kanto Earthquake
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Sep 1, 1923, deadliest earthquake in Japanese history, magnitude not surpassed until the 2011 Tohoku earthquake.
Estimated 140,000 deaths and 570,000 homes destroyed. After the earthquake rumors that Koreans are committing arson and theft lead to thousands of Koreans being killed by mobs, other foreigners such as Chinese were also killed. Allowed the Japanese to rebuild Tokyo and Japanese values. September 1st is now commemorated as Disaster Prevention Day. |
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Great Leap Forward
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Plan to rapidly develop agriculture and industry in China from 1958-1961 which took advantage of China's manpower.
Goal was to surpass the UK in steel production. Workers organized into People's communes. Implementation of new farming techniques such as close cropping and deep planting. These failed techniques combined with leaders reporting over estimations of crop yield led to government taking more grain than the peasants could spare. Increased focus on backyard industry, much of the steel that rural workers produced was useless as it was too weak. Failed new agricultural methods, decreased agricultural workforce, overestimated crop yields and drought lead to mass starvation and millions died. |
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Hong Xiuquan
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1850-1864
Civil war in southern China (20mil dead) Led by Hong Xiuquan (believed he was the brother of Jesus) who established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Wanted to replace traditional religion (Confucianism, Buddhism) with Christianity. Taipings advocated shared property and equality for women. Rebellion began in the Guangxi Provence. Qing had French and British assistance in suppressing the rebellion. Result- Qing severely weakened by the massive destruction and loss of life. |
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Hukou
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The system of household registration required by law in China. Implemented in 1958 to control the movement between rural and urban areas.
Those without valid permits in urban regions were sent back to their rural regions. Urban permit holders enjoyed more privileges, during the famine following the great leap forward, urban permit holders received fixed rations. Most of the deaths from the famine were from rural regions, those who tried to go to urban regions were prevented from doing so. |
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Imjin War
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1592-98
Led by Hideyoshi after he unified Japan. 2 invasions, wanted to invade China from Korea. China sends aid to Korea, HIdeyoshi is repelled. Aftereffects- Korea feels indebted to the Ming, China establishes itself as the strongest in the East. Hideyoshi's power in Japan is weakened, allows Tokugawa Ieyasu to take over and unite Japan after his death. |
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Ito Hirobumi
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1841-1909
4 time prime minister of japan (was 1st prime minister) A samurai of the Choshu domain. A supporter of westernization, especially the military. Convinced Choshu to adopt a western military. Studied western currency system at the US and used that to establish Japan's tax system. Studied European constitutions and helped draft the Meiji constitution. Handled various foreign affairs such as the treaty of Shimonoseki after the first Sino-Japanese war. Was the first resident general of Korea until he was assassinated by a Korean nationalist. |
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Iwakura Mission
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1871
18 month tour of Europe and America led by Iwakura Tomomi. 2 Goals, renegotiate unequal treaties and learn how to Westernize. West didn't renegotiate, but they were successful in learning more about the West. What they learned during this mission was instrumental in helping Japan modernize. |
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Japan's Liberal Democratic Party
(LDP) |
Formed from a merging of the Liberal Party and Japan's Democratic Party in 1955. They would hold the majority government until 1993.
They Brought Japan back into the UN. LDP played a major role in Japan's massive economic growth in the 1980s. They would lose their majority in the government due to scandals within the party and the end of Japan's miracle economy. |
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Jiang Qing
(Chiang Ch'ing) |
Mao's wife.
Played a major role in the cultural revolution and was the leader of the Gang of Four Originally an actor until the Second Sino-Japanese war, she joined the communists after Japan invaded. Married Mao in 1938, became the first lade of the PRC after its founding in 1948. During the Cultural Revolution she replaced many traditional works with Maoist works. After Mao's death the group of four held considerable power, the other party officials decided that they needed to be removed and they were arrested. The Gang of Four became a scapegoat for the events of the Cultural revolution. |
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Juche
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North Korean ideology- the masters of the revolution and construction are the masses of the people and that they are also the motive force of the revolution and construction.
Due to N.Korea's relation to China, Maoism has influenced Juche. This ideology isolates N.Korea from foreign trade in their desire to be self reliant. This ideology of self reliance and independence is still seeing today in N.Korea's continued expansion of their military. |
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Kang Youwei
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1858-1927
Supported reform in China, believed that China had to reform in order to survive. Used Russia and Japan as examples of this. Argued that Confucius advocated reform. After the first Sino-Japanese War, Kang Youwei's began working with the Guanxu Emperor along with others to implent various reforms during the 100 days reform. Most of these reforms would be undone by Emp Dow Cixi. |
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King Sejong
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1397-1450
Posthumerously titled King Sejong the Great. Became King after his elder brother was deemed unfit due to his behavior in court. Was a supporter of Confucianism. His encouraged education and his reign prompted an expansion of Korean culture and intellect. |
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Kishi Nobusuke
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56 and 57th Prime Minister of Japan
During WWII, he opposed Tojo's desire to continue the war at any cost. Imprisoned during Allied Occupation but later released without a trial. After the Occupation he helped organize the Japan Democratic party which later became the Liberal-Democratic party. As prime minister he was against communism and wanted to strengthen Japan's ties with the US. He signed a treaty with the US while the opposing parties were boycotting the Diet, this lead to protests and Kishi's subsequent resignation from the position of Prime minister. |
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Korean War
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1950-1953
War between N.Korea and S.Korea N.Korea backed by China and the Soviet Union, S.Korea backed by the US. Initially Korea was divided along the 38th parallel after Japan's surrender. Failure to hold free elections throughout the Korean peninsula in 1948 deepened the divide between N. and S. N.Korea attacked first after China promised their support, they extremely deep into S.Korea territory. UN counter offensive drives them back deep into their territory. China sends support and the front lines get pushed back to the 38th parallel. Fighting stalemates. Most of the war fought in the North, war ends with an armistice agreement between both sides establish the border near the 38th parallel and also established the demilitarized zone. |
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Lin Biao
(Lin Piao) |
Military leader in the Communist Party.
Played a significant role in the Long March. During the civil war his forces captured many key areas including Beijing. After defeating the GMD, Lin held many high positions within the Communist party. He gained significant power in both the party and the military he tried to pull a coup on Mao. After the coup failed and Lin was killed when his plane crashed in Mongolia. |
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Liu Shaoqi
(Liu Shao-ch'i) |
Joined the Communist party after returning to China from the Soviet Union.
Joined Mao and the other communists on the Long March after Chiang's purge of the GMD during 1927. He rose in the ranks of the communist party and published the book "How to be a Good Communist" He eventually became the Secretary General of the CCP. Would replace Mao as the head of state after the failed Great Leap Forward. Forced to resign during the Cultural revolution as other party leaders viewed his policies as Right-wing. After he was removed form power, he was placed under house arrest and regularly beaten. He died in 1969 and it wasn't until 1978 that he was politically rehabilitated. |
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Manchukuo
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A puppet state for Japan in Inner Mongolia.
Japan gained influence within this region after they defeated Russia in the Ruso-Japanese war and they laid the South Manchuria railway to Port Arthur. Established by Japan after the staged Mukden incident. Japanese soldiers planted a small amount of dynamite along the railroad and detonated it. The explosion didn't damage the line much, but the Japanese claimed it was done by Chinese terrorists. They responded with a full invasion and proceeded to occupy Manchuria and establish Manchukuo. When the international community heard of this, they condemned this action and Japan withdrew from the league of Nations. Through the Lytton Report, The league of Nations expressed how it did not acknowledge the sovereignty of Manchuko. Japan would later use Manchukuo as a base to invade China during the second Sino-Japanese war. |
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Mao Zedong
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Served in the revolutionary army during 1911 Chinese revolution.
Mao left the GMD after Chiang purged the GMD of communists in 1927. Gained power in the Communist party by leading Communist forces during the Long March. Appointed as the Chairman of Communist Party of China after the Communists beat the GMD in the civil war. Implemented a land reform policy, where many landlords and wealthy individuals were beaten to death. Five-year plan- goal was to modernize China. Second one was the Great Leap Forward. 100-flowers campaign-urged intellectuals to voice their opinions on how the country should be run. Policy later revoked and critics of the government were persecuted. Cultural revolution- Replace elements of the old China with a new communist China. |
