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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mutiny of 1857 |
Rumors that India used pigs, cows meat. Raj—British colonial rule in India. Indians could serve as officers, leaders in military, that changed and it could only be Britains. Post 1857—India is “hostile, barbaric” and must be taught a lesson. First India is grateful, then they change their minds, had peace between Muslims, Hindus, had lawyers, doctors. Wanted to change to Home rule—they could be in charge
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Scramble for Africa
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Colonization of Africa by European countries. Want to be “civil” about it—meet in Berlin to divide Africa. Don’t take into account language, tribe, religion. Now we have problems based on that—arbitrary boundaries
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White man’s burden
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Civil whites, democracy, Bible, philosophers, human rights—we have to share it, it is our duty to sacrifice and serve, give to them. Secular/racist version of missionary work |
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Cecil Rhodes
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Wanted America back into the British empire. Rhodes’ scholars Mining for diamonds
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Orientalism
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Fascination with Asian cultures. Sweeps Europe, people decorate in Japanese/Chinese styles Westernized version of Asian culture. Just social, not political
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Boer War
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Dutch settlers in South Africa—settled it but then it was ruled by British, said they were now part of British empire. Boers are fiercely anti-African, invented apartheid. War over control, Africans fight on both sides. British take Boers into internment camps—made them so they wouldn’t revolt, fight, so they could be watched
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Philippine-American War
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America wanted spheres of influence, goes to Philippines Friction between America and Japanese—empires touched
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difference between concentration camps and internment camps
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concentration camps meant for death and labor, interment camps meant just to keep people that were apart of questionable groups so they couldn't revolt, could be watched
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Haitian Revolution
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Successful slave revolution—democratic revolution, Only second country to have a revolution, become democratic (after us). It does not endure, becomes super poor, democracy never succeeds. They want to be like America, but we don’t help, it doesn’t work
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Mexican Independence
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Creoles, mezitos—want independence. Push out Spanish, establish a white ruled Mexico. Once revolution starts, it is hard to stop others. Idealized form of native Mexican rule—Aztecs. France re-conquers it. America has interest because of Texas and California—white American settlers there. If Mexico is unsecure, America isn’t secure
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Caste War
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In Yucatan peninsula. Whites have oppressed the native culture—open tension, rebellion Even today due to the legacy
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Caudillos
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Strong military dictator
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Simon Bolivar
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Leads a revolution in South America, Influenced by the enlightenment, rebels, drives Spaniards out. Wants to create grand Columbia—Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, all part of it. Tries to westernize, modernize it. Becomes dictator, resigns, dies (natural causes). Falls apart—lots of mountains, geography help keep everyone apart
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Banana Republic
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Americans buy plantations, buy bananas, cheap labor, kind of take advantage of them. US also takes “unofficial” control
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Weimar Republic
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Runs Germany between WWI and WWII. Weak, doesn’t do much, bad economy. Weakness allows Hitler to come to power later
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Bolshevism
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Bolsheviks are communists in Russia after revolution, come to power, set up USSR. Lenin leads it, want drastic revolution
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***Vladimir Lenin |
Leads Bolsheviks, USSR. Germans put him there, they just wanted him to cause trouble—mass propaganda reaches the whole country
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League of Nations
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Proto-UN does nothing, weak. Russia and US are not included—Russia excluded purposefully. Created by Treaty of Versailles, Woodrow Wilson’s idea
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The Gulag
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Soviet penal system, somewhat like a concentration camp but for political criminals
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Benito Mussolini
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Italian dictator, inventor of fascism. Started as a journalist, started as a socialist Proponent of nationalism Inspired Hitler
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Munich Pact
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Hitler, FDR, others meet because Hitler wants to annex Czechoslovakia. Hitler promises not to do anything else, so they give in. USSR not present
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Anschluss
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Hitler annexes Austria, dubious politically because right before, they annex it there is a fascist coup
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Eugenics
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Study of genes, promoting good genes. Ties in with nationalism, want to purify nations. Ties in with scientific revolution. Want to justify racial discrimination based on science
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Berlin Blockade & Airlift
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Stalin controls East Berlin, decides to block off East Germany so US can’t get in. Wants US to give West Berlin back. US sends supplies in by plane instead of attacking, Stalin gives up
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Containment
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US idea to contain socialism at strategic points like Korea, Japan. Constrained idea. doesn't work
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Marshall Plan
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US Economic policy, try to restructure European nations after WWII. Possibly the best foreign policy US had in 19th century. America sent millions of dollars into Europe, boosted the economy
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McCarthyism
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US senator said he had a list of communists in US government, started Red Scare. Went from government to civilian life
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Chiang Kai-shek
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Leader of China 1920’s-1950’s before communism. Republic fighting against communists, then works with them during the war, but after that the communists come to power
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Jawaharlal Nehru
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First prime minister of India separated from British rule. Student of Ghandi, but more western leaning. British influence was shrinking
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Ho Chi Minh
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Educated in the west US, UK, France, advocated for socialism. Started Vietnam war—Vietnamese and France. US used doctrine of containment, it didn’t really matter in the scope of things, Vietnam was unimportant strategically (US wasn’t threatened). 8ish years, many died
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Israeli Independence
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Israel formed out of Palestine. All the Arab countries attack the first couple days it is formed, Israel wins. More wars where everyone attacks them, Israel gains more land. US arms them, trains them
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International Monetary Fund
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International lender to failing countries. Maintain a large sum to make up for problems. Exchange rates, inflation. Super-national organization Under United Nations
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“Dirty War” (Argentina)
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Tried to get rid of radical groups in Argentina, executed those that were radical/leftist. US supported it
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Secret Speech and the Revolutions of 1956 |
After Stalin died Khrushchev wanted to get rid of the cult of Stalin. Speech tried to get rid of that cult. He revealed a lot of the problems they had. Many political prisoners freed. Restriction on freedom of speech was somewhat relaxed. He tried to better USSR |
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Muhammad Ali
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Ottoman ALbanian commander in the Ottoman army, founder of modern Egypt due to his reforms with military, economic, social
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Tanzimat Reforms
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The Ottoman Empire was declining in early 1800's, wanted to make changes in order to save the Empire. The Rose Garden Edict and 2 other edicts, a change of sultans named Tanzimat (reorganization). In the Rose Garden Edict, the government bound itself to guarantee life, honor and property for all regardless of religion; and an equitable tax system; a military conscription system and everything was according to Islamic law
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Wahhabism
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Religious sect of Sunni Islam.b Revivalist movement, advocated a purging of practices like the cult of saints, visiting shrines. Alliance between his group and leader Muhammad bin Saud. Based on uniqueness and unity of God
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Young Turks
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Officers from the Committee of Union and Progress. Wanted to replace the absolute monarchy of the Ottoman Empire with a constitutional monarchy.
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Catherine the Great
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Tsar of Russia. She wasn't absolutist like everyone normally was. She helped normal citizens participate, gave more property rights, she believed in expansionism, went to war in order to get land in Poland, other areas
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“Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality”
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The dominant ideology of Russian emperor Nicholas I. It was all about restoration and reaction in accordance to what happens with the land. "Russification", their transition to modernity. He did it because of revolts that were occuring, wanted to stop them. Orthodoxy--belief in Orthodox Christianity, protech the Russian Orthodox church. Autocracy--unconditional loyalty to the House of Romanov. Nationality--national spirit, romantic nationalism, recognition of the state role on Russian nationality
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Crimean War
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War between Russia and Ottoman Empire. Russia wanted to get Constantinople. Britain and France supported the Ottomans. It wasn't the best war for either side. New weapons were used, more technologies--telegraph, photography, nurses. It ended up a setback for both sides but Russia overall lost
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Great Reforms (of Alexander II)
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Right after Russia lost the Crimean war, Alexander II was put in, decided on reforms. n He reorganized the judicial system, set up elected local judges, abolished capital punishment, promoted local self-governance, ended priviliges of the nobility, promoted universities, military service
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Pan-Slavism
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Ideology that espoused the brotherhood of all Slavic peoples and gave Russia the mission to aid Slavs in the Balkans suffering from alleged Ottoman misrule
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Russo-Japanese War
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Russia tried expanding and built a railroad into China which threatened Japan. The navy attacked Russia. Peace settlement, Japan got the Peninsula, southern Manchuria, increased influence over Korea
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Revolution of 1905
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Revolution against Tsar rule. Got reports of the loss of the Russo-Japanese war and then workers went on strike. Tsar Nicholas gave consessions, guaranteed rights but then took it back. Overall revolution didn't work
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British East India Company
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Joint stock company formed to trade with the Indies, ended up trading with China. From wealthy people, the government only had indirect control. Seven years war was an important factor that led to Britain taking control of the Mughal dynasty/India.
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Sati (Suttee)
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Ancient Indian practice of burning the widow. Outlawed by the British Raj. used as a reason it was ok for India to be controlled by Britain
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Herero Uprising
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Nationalistic, against rule of the Germans in South-West Africa. The native Herero people wanted to achieve liberation. Turned into genocide by Germans
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Mexican Revolution
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Had an oligarchy—ruled by wealthy. Did not want to be part of Spain. Group against Spain led a rebellion, poor Creoles, mestizos marched on Guanajuato. Creoles made Mexico a republic. Later Problems with the presidency happened and there was a time where reformers came about, wanted change. 2 million died in the struggle for and against revolution. New constitution, more stable presidency
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Brazilian Independence
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Happened abruptly—Portugese monarchy flees to Brazil during 1800's. Brazilians attached to Portugese monarch family, son becomes emperor, later Brazil becomes a democracy, non-violent
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***Great War
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Causes: ascendency of Germany, entangling alliances, decline of the Ottoman Empire, rise of nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe, cult of the offensive (better to attack than to be attacked). Happened after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Germany tried to attack Paris. New weapons were used including machine guns, tanks, gas, uboats, planes. Outcomes: 8 million dead, civilians suffered, Armenian genocide, influenza outbreak, psychological damage
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Treaty of Versailles
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Ended WWI. Germany got hit the hardest because Austria who started the war didn’t exist; Germany was required to accept all responsibility of damages.
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Russian Revolution(s)
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1917—multiple revolutions in one year. First a provisional government was put in then the Bolsheviks toppled the government, set up socialist regeme, USSR formed/ Pulled Russia out of WWI—Germany just focused on west front
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Great Depression
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Germany hit the hardest. Does not hit Russia—everyone looks to Russia, communism, makes it look good. US decline actually pulled down a lot of the other countries. FDR approves government deficit spending in order to improve economy, under New Deal
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Joseph Stalin
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Took over the USSR after Lenin. He got the position after a long questionable struggle. He collected agriculture and animals for the government. He constantly questioned resisters, killed them--soviet famines.. Leader for 30 years. Launched a period of industrialization that transformed the USSR to an industrial power. Non-aggression pact with Germany to stop problems, only lasted a little while. Later helped with the Cold War
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Fascism
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"Third way" between democracy and socialism. Radical authoritarian nationalism meant to unify the nation. Strong leaders, ultranationalism and miliitarism, veneration of the state. War, violence and imperialism as a way to achieve national rejuvenation
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Nazism
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National socialism, type of fascism that incorporates scientific racism and antisemitism. Social darwinism, started by the pan-German group German Workers' party with Hitler as the leader
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***Adolf Hitler
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Leader of the Nazi party, chancellor of Germany and dictator of Nazi Germany. Center of WW II and the Holocaust. Wrote Mein Kampf
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Munich Pact
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Permitted Nazi Germany's annexation of part of Czechoslovakia. A failed act of appeasement to Germany
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World War II (incl. causes and results)
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Causes: Rise of fascism and socialism in Europe and militarist dictatorship in Japan, Cult of the Offensive remains intact in Germany thanks to new technologies, German and Japanese ambitions to expand, Nationalism and racial ideology a large part of this. Results: 55-60 million dead incl Germans, Soviets, Chinese, Jews, US soldiers; German and Japanese empire broken up; In the war’s wake, anticolonial movements successfully pressed their claims for national self-determination; the acts of barbarism robbed Europe of any lingering claims to cultural superiority; United Nations born to avert future wars; Fascism discredited; Cold War emerges
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United Nations
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Intergovernmental organization to replace the league of nations. Created after WWII to prevent international conflicts
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Holocaust
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Final Solution--genocide of the European Jews. Occured because the Jews were blamed by Hitler for the economic collapses
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Cold War
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State of political and military tension after WWII between US, NATO allies and others and USSR, its allies. No real fighting, technological competitions like the Space Race, development of nuclear weapons that deterred each side from wanting to fight. Fall of the Berlin Wall ended it, Communist Party put on trial, made illegal
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Warsaw Pact
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USSR, Czechoslovakia, Romania etc that have a pact in case of war
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NATO
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To fight soviet union, USSR dangers, try to not make it an issue
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Decolonization
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Attempts to get the countries who colonized/took over the countries to get out
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***Mao Zedong
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Adopted Marxist theories, peasants were at the front of the movement to socialism--The People's Republic of China. He did not allow for right wing thinking or other parties, those who wanted it were 'reeducated', removed counter-revolutionary elements of Chinese society
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Great Leap Forward
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Agricultural revolution in China, shifted to industrial. Caused a famine in China because Mao wanted every farm to be like a factory, melted the iron implements to build infrastructures to house the workers, didn't work. Mao temporarily stepped down because of it, but then came back after it worked out
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Cultural Revolution
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Roots of Chinese Communist movement. Re-emphasize Mao Zeong and the values of communism
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Mohandas Gandhi
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Nonviolence as a way to affect change. Nonviolent civil disobedience. Inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. He was imprisoned, made his own clothes to overcome British taxes on cotton, thought everyone should be at the same level, in poverty. Wanted self rule, refused to pay land taxes, boycott of British goods
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***Partition of India
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Partition of the British Indian Empire--created Pakistan (later divided again with Bangladesh added), India. It also divided the British Indian Army, Indian Civil Service and other services
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Algerian War
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French colony in Africa. War of independence, decolonization. Techniques used included: guerrilla warfare, terrorism, torture
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***Kwame Nkrumah
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Leader of Ghana, oversaw its independence from Britain. He was the first President of Ghana, advocate of Pan-Africanism (solidarity of Africans worldwide). He believed himself to be an African Lenin. He went to prison, when he was released he was elected Prime Minister. In 6 years he accomplished his goals of uniting the four territories, won the nation's independence from UK and learning to governn
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***Vietnam War (incl. causes and results)
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US went into Vietnam because they had problems and the US did not want them to turn to communism. Used ideology of containment. The US supported the South Vietnamese against the communist North Vietnamese. Overall it didn’t really matter, Vietnam was unimportant strategically (US wasn’t threatened). 8ish years, many died. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviets, China, other communists. Results: peace treaty for South Vietnam that only lasted 2 years, devastation in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos; radical group depopulated the cities with genocide
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Third World
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Term defining countries that were non-aligned with NATO or the communists. It included a lot with colonial pasts
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Non-Alignment Movement
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An international, anti-colonialist movement of state leaders that promoted the interests of countries not aligned with the superpowers
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***Suez Crisis
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Invasion of Egypt in 1956 by Israel, then Britain and France who were working as allies. They wanted to regain Western control of the Suez canal, remove the Egyptian president from power. The US, USSR and UN got involved so they all had to withdraw. Results: many believe that after that moment, Britain could no longer be considered a superpower; the UN policed the Egyptian Israeli border
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Apartheid
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The state of being apart, aparthood. Racial segregation in South Africa endorced by the National Party, segregation was endorsed by the state. Blacks were deprived of citizenship. It led to internal resistance and violence. It ended with multi-racial democratic elections, in 1994 won by Nelson Mandela
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Nelson Mandela
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He was imprisoned for 27 years during apartheid. Later he became South Africa's first black President. He focused on dismantlin apartheid by tackling racism, poverty, inequality. Served as president of the African National Congress
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African National Congress
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South Africa's governing social democratic political party. It has been the ruling part of post-apartheid South Africa since 1994. It was formed out of injustice to black South Africans by the government
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***OPEC
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Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, an international organization that tries to coordinate and unify petroleum policies of the members. It is supposed to ensure stability of oil markets in price, quantity for consumers and producers. Only 12 countries are members They greatly affect global oil prices. It was one of the first in the international economic relations towards the states control over natural resources. It has had a huge effect on wars, including the Vietnam war--USSR wanted to boycot shipments to the US. It happened because the US supported Israel, their enemy
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Helsinki Accords
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Document to improve relations between the communist bloc and the west. It wasn't a treaty, so it wasn't binding. It required sovereign equality, no threats, peaceful settlements of disputs, respect for human rights, equal rights and self-determination of peoples
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Fidel Castro
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Prime Minister of Cuba, part of the communist party. Under him, Cuba became one-party socialist. He was opposed to the influence of American companies over their government, took it over. Khrushchev helped develop Cuba. He supported other revolutionary groups in the hope of taking down capitalism. Bay of pigs invasion-- tried to send people into Cuba, but it didn't work at all and embarassed the US.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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Khrushchev installed nuclear missiles in Cuba to even the power balance between Warsaw allies, NATO allies. US saw it when they flew over, panic because of it. They were supposedly only for defense, but US saw it as offense. Khruschev removed the missiles in exchange for the US committing to not invade Cuba, removing missiles from Turkey and Italy. Only at the last minute did Khrushchev back off, the likelyhood of war was very real for a few days
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Nikita Khrushchev
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Russian politician who led the USSR after Stalin. He tried to "de-stalinize" the USSR. He backed the space program, frees many from the Gulag, wanted communism to be done right--less repressive era, have peace with the west
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Prague Spring
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Political liberalization in Czechoslovakia when it was dominated by the USSR. Reforms to grand rights to the citizens there--loosening of restrictions on media, speech, travel. Also split it into the Chzech Republic and Slovak Republic
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1968 in the West
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Assassination of MLK, Student demonstrations in Europe, US, Mexico, Prague Spring happened, Vietnam war, western social transformation (civil rights movements, anti-war, women's rights, sexual revolution, hippies)
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Feminism (Second-Wave)
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Equality in gender relations desired. Simone de Beauvoir wrote The Second Sex, she challenged women to take more assertive actions to gain equality. Contraceptives, abortions, equal pay, more careers outside the home
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Détente
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Easing of political strains/tensions during the Cold War for the US and USSR. Signing of SALT I (limited the number of arms each side could have) and Helsinki Accords. It occurred after the Cuban Missile Crisis and it ended after the Soviets intervened in Afghanistan in 1980
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Nongovernmental Organizations
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OPEC and other groups based on certain trades that are with multiple countries
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***Supernational Organizations
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Multi-national organization where power is delegated to an authority by govenments of the states apart of it. Like the European Union or United Nations. Between a confederation and a federation (association of states vs 1 state) It recognizes everyone's independence but fuses them altogether
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Solidarity
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Started in Poland, occurred when Husak dismantled the reforms of Prague Spring. They could make sure that none of the soviet countries left socialsm and their alliance with the USSR. Political party in Poland
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***Mikhail Gorbachev
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USSR president, recognized people didn't like socialism, tried to fix it by adding some capitalism back into the economy, some democracy, Glasnost (openness), did not want to help the other countries of Eastern Europe, even the communist ones
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Perestroika & Glasnost
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Perestroika--restructuring, glasnost--openness. Meant to revitalize communism, but selling goods in the market didn't work, it led to increased shortages in some areas. The openness came at a bad time, with the Ukraine nuclear accident, everyone just started questioning the government. Communism just became a failed economic theory.
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***Revolutions of 1989
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Protests over oil started in 1989 because of rising prices, in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), Germans refused to go home after vacations. They wanted to leave into Hugary/Austria. In the GDR, the Berlin Wall fell, and the fall of the communist government. Then other communist governments fell in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Albania, went to democracy. Officially the USSR fell Dec 25, 1991, and was replaced with a democratic Russia
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Deng Xiaoping
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Leader of China for 20 years, had shared power with other leaders. He helped led China through economic reforms. Communist, went a different way from Mao's vision. He used the socialist ideology with adoption of market economic practices which helped develop China into one of the fastest growing economies in the world, which raised the standard of living for the Chinese.
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Tiananmen Square
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Square in the center of Beijing, area of protests in 1989. They wanted social equality, a communist party without corruption, freedom of press, speech and democracy. Some were killed, shut down, many of the leaders were exiled or imprisoned. Led to tighter control, no democracy
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Balkan Wars
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Conflicts in 1990's over the former Yugoslavia. US and UN spent a long time stopping the Serbs from murdering the Bosnians and Albanians and establish peace in the Balkans. Now different countries Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia, Kosovo, they are still trying to adapt to capitalism and democracy
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European Union
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Political-economic union of 28 member states in Europe. Decisions are made by the member states, various councils and institutions within it. Have a single market to ensure free movement of people, goods, services, capital. They have a common currency--Euro, most European countries are apart of it
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Ayatollah Khomeini
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Iranian leader both political and religious. He helped lead the Iranian Revolution which overthrew the Shah of Iran, became supreme leader. He was the virtual face of Islam for awhile. He took prisoners during the Iran hostage crisis, called the US the Great Satan. He is still revered in Iran
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Hamas
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Considered a terrorist group, a Palestinian Islamic organization that was founded to liberate Palestine, Israel from Israeli occupation and to establish an Islamic state in Isrea, the West Bank and Gaza strip. They have a military section and have attacked Israel
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Globalization
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International integration from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and culture. It has been used more frequently due to the ease of communication
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Rwandan Genocide
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In 1994, the majority (Hutu) killed the minory class (Tutsi). It took place during the Rwandan Civil War. Many fled to other countries The UN didn't call it genocide so they didn't intervene at all
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Taliban
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Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan, formed a government the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (ended now). It strictly interpreted the law, treated women brutally. They led the 9/11 attacks. Killed many Afghan civilians, destroyed many homes, many were forced to flee to Pakistan and Iran. The Taliban was overthrown by the US. They have used terrorism as a tactic to further their goals. Osama Bin Ladin led Al Queda
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War on Terror
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Policy that led to the attack of Afghanistan after 9/11 attacks then Iraq. In Afghanistan--killed Bin Ladin, finished the Taliban government. In Iraq--killed Saddam Hussein, held free elections, fall of their corrupt party. The US and NATO and non-NATO countries participated in it. Attempts to get rid of radical groups
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Arab Spring
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In 2011, a 26 year old boy put himself on fire because of humiliations from a Tunisian policewoman. His death led to peaceful democratic revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt, Liba, Bahrain, Yemen, and Syria. In Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, the leaders were taken out but in the others, the rulers were more brutal. Everyone watched on social media, saw the violence
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