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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Black Death
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Name given to the epidemic that swept Europe beginning in 1348. Most historians agree that the main disease was bubonic plague, but the Black Death may have incorporated many other diseases.
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Jacquene
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The name given to the peasant revolt in France during the 14th century.
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Babylonian Captivity
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Period during the 14th century in which 7 popes chose to reside in Arignon instead of Rome. Critics called this period the Babylonian Captivity of the papacy.
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Great Schism
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Period in the late Middle Ages from 1378 to 1417 when there we two (and at times 3) rival popes.
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Conciliar Movement
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The belief that the Catholic Church should be led by councils of Cardinals rather than popes.
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Lollards
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Followers of the English church reformer John Wycliffe who were found heretical
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Hundred Years' War
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A series of wars between England and France from 1337 to 1453. France won and England lost its lands in France, thus centralizing and solidifying French power
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Dauphin
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Heir to the French throne. The title was used from 1349 to 1830.
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Free Companies
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Mercenary companies in the Middle Ages and Renaissane who would fight for whoever paid them. They were called "free" because to distinguish them from warriors who were bound by feudal ties to a lord.
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Nominalism
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A popular late Medieval philosophy based on the doctrine that the universal, or general, has no objective existence or validity, being merely a name expressing the qualities of various objects resembling one another in certain respects. Also called New Nominalism.
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Ockham's Razor
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A principle that states between alternate explanations for the same phenomenon, the simplest is always to be preferred.
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Renaissance
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Literally, "rebirth." The term was coined in Italy in the early 14th century to refer to the rebirth of the appreciation of classical (Greek and Roman) literature and values. It also refers to the culture that was born in Italy during that century that ultimately spread throughout Europe.
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Humanists
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Students of an intellectual movement based on a deep study of classical culture and an emphasis on the humanities (literature, history, and philosophy) as a means for self-improvement.
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Civic Humanists
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Those practicing a branch of humanism that promoted the value of responsible citizenship in which people work to improve their city-states.
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Christian Humanists
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During the 15th and 16th centuries, experts in Greek, Latin, and Hebrew who studied the Bible and other Christian writings in order to understand the correct meaning of early Christian texts
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Condottien
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From the 14th to the 16th century captains of bands of mercenary soldiers, influential in Renaissance Italy.
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Doge
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The chief magistrate of the Republic of Venice during the Middle Ages and Renaissance
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Theocracy
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Government by priests claiming to rule by divine authority
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Contra posto
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A stance of the human body in which one leg bears weight, while the other is relaxed. Also known as counterpoise, it was popular in Renaissance culture.
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Linear Perspective
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An artistic technique used to represent three-dimensional space convincingly on a flat surface.
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Madrigal
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Musical composition set to a short poem usually about love, written for several voices. Common in Renaissance music.
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Alchemy
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The medieval study and practice of chemistry, primarily concerned with changing metals into gold and finding a universal remedy for diseases. It was much practiced from the 13th to the 17th century.
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Sacraments
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In Christianity, rites that were to bring the individual grace or closeness to God. In Roman Catholicism and Greek Orthodoxy there are 7 sacraments: baptism, confirmation, the Eucharist, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, and matrimony. Protestants in general acknowledge only 2 sacraments: baptism and the Lord's Supper.
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Devotio moderna
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A medieval religious movement that emphasized internal spirituality over ritual practices.
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Justification by faith
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The belief that faith alone--not good works--is needed for salvation. The belief lies at the heart of Protestantism.
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Indulgence
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A certificate issued by the papacy that gave atonement for their sins and reduced their time in purgatory. Usually indulgences were issued for performing a pious act, but during the Reformation critics accused the popes of selling indulgences to raise money.
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Purgatory
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In RomanCatholic theology, a state or place in which those who have died in the grace of God expiate their sins by suffering before they enter heaven.
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Protestant
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Of or pertaining to any branch of the Christian Church excluding Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox.
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Iconoclasm
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A term literally meaning "icon breaking" that refers to an 18th century religious controversy in Byzantium that argued that people should not venerate icons.
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Transubstantiation
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In the Roman Cathollic and Greek Orthodox churches, the belief that the bread and wine of the Eucharist were transformed into the actual body and blood of Christ.
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Predestination
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Doctrine claiming that since God is all-knowing and all-powerful, he must know in advance who is saved or damned. Therefore, the salvation of any individual is predetermined. This doctrine is emphasized by Calvinists.
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Huguenots
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French Protestants of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries
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Jesuits
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Members of the Catholic religious order the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534.
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Baroque
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An artistic style of the 16th and 17th centuries stressing rich ornamentation and dynamic movement; in music, a style marked by strict forms and elaborate ornamentation.
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Quadrant
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An instrument for taking the altitude of heavenly bodies.
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Astrolabe
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Medieval instrument used to determine the altitudes of celestial bodies.
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Conquistadors
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Spanish adventurers in the 16th century who went to South and Central America to conquer indigenous peoples and claim their lands.
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Encomienda
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A form of economic and social organization in sixteenth-century Spanish settlements in South America.
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Haciendas
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Large-landed estates in Spanish America replaces encomiendas as the dominant economic and social structure.
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Capitalists
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Those promoting an economic system characterized by freedom of the market with private and corporate ownership of the means of production and distribution that are operated for profit.
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Entrepreneurs
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People who organize and operate business ventures, especially in commerce and industry.
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Joint-stock company
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A business firm that is owned by stockholders who may sell or transfer their shares individually.
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Mercator projection
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A method of making maps in which the Earth's surface is shown as a rectangle with Europe at the center, causing distortion towards the poles.
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Great Chain of Being
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A traditional Western-Christian vision of the hierarchical order of the universe.
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Royal Absolutism
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The 17th and 18th century system of elevated royal authority.
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Fronde
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Mid-17th century upheavals in France that threatened the royal government.
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Classical Style
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A 17th and 18th century cultural style emphasizing restraint and balance, following models from ancient Greece and Rome.
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Estates
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Representative assemblies typically made up of either the clergy, the nobility, the commoners, or all three meeting separately.
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Sumptuary Laws
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Laws restricting or regulating extravagance often used to maintain separation of social classes.
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Puritans
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In the 16th and 17th centuries, those who wanted to reform the Church of England by removing all elaborate ceremonies and forms.
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Roundheads
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Members or supporters of the Parlimentary or Puritan party in England during the English civil war.
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Levellers
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Revolutionaries who tried to "level" the social hierarchy during the [***] War.
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Constitutionalism
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The idea that political authority rests in written law, not in the person of an absolute monarch.
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Glorious Revolution
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In 1688, English Parliament offered the crown of England to the Protestant WIlliam of Orange and his wife Mary, replacing James II.
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Neoplatonism
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Views based on the ideas of Plato that one should search beyond appearances for true knowledge; stressed abstract reasoning.
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Hermetic doctrine
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Notion popular in the 16th and 17th centuries that all matter contains the divine spirit.
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Copernican Revolution
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The change from an earth-centerd to a sun-centered universe initiated by Copernicus.
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Heliocentric Model
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Pertaining to the theory that the sun is the center of the universe.
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Empirical Method
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The use of observation and experiments based on sensory evidence to come to ideas or conclusions about nature.
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Deductive Reasoning
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Deriving conclusions that logically flow from a premise, reasoning from basic or known truths.
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Cartesian Dualism
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A philosophy developed by Rene Descartes in the 17th century that defines two kinds of reality: the mind, or subjective thinking, and the body, or objective thinking.
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Scientific Revolution
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The new 16th and 17th century methods of investigation and discoveries about nature based on observation and reason rather than tradition and authority.
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Enlightenment
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An 18th century cultural movement based on the ideas of the Scientific Revolution and that supported the notion that human reason should determine understanding of the world and the rules of social life.
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Philosophes
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Leading French intellectuals of the Enlightenment.
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