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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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why do we study history?
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reveals re occuring themes/patterns helps develop criticcal thinking skills understan influences from the past, learn from past to prevent mistakes, see diffrence between fact & opinion, etc.
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what is history according to Donald Gawronski?
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humanistic interpretive study of the past human society
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what is history according to C. Becker?
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the memory of things said and done
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what do we study in history?
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past, present, people, cultures & society.
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what does history include?
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everything but we study in a western way and study how things relate to humans
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how do historians look at history?
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they make judgements but they look at lots of evidence then base their judgements on this evidence.
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What evidence is used in the study of history?
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primary documents, seccondary documents, specifically documents, folk reccords, artifacts, maps, economics, books, news papers, technology, music, etc.
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what are primary documents?
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documents that came from the time of study
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what are seccondary documents?
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materials that come after the fact
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what are specificaly documents?
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legal, medical, goverment documents, oral testomonie and traditions, folk reccords
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how did the iroquois come to be?
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a pregnant lady fell from the sky the animals of the sea saved her she had a daughter the daughter had twins the twins mane animals and plants for the land the last thing the twins made was man.
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what otheer important origins are explained in the iroquois creation story?
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good and evil, night and day, rituales that are still used today, medicines and witch craft
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what is the relationship between the iroquois and the earth, plants, and animals?
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the people were the ones who created the earth plants and animals
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what did the Fathers think the indians greatest vices were?
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the way of praying, superstitions, big headedness, they eat their enimies and do not care for their sick
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what are their greatest virtues?
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they dont lie or get angry, they treat their tribesmen with love they dont kill each other
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what parts of american indian culture will the Fathers never understand?
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how the indians can live in houses that are to hot cold and smokey
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where were the iroquois living at first?
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in newyork state up into canada
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were indians simple minded people?
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no they were a complex society with their own religion, laws, way of owning property and providing for their families
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what were the major patterns of native american in north america before europeans arrived?
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agricultural, farming, fishing hunting and religious rituals
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how did indians and european ideas of freedom differ?
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europeans believed that you had to be a Christian work for pay and own land. the indians believed freedom was mutual respect for everyone
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what made europeans sail across the atlantic?
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they wanted a shorter rout to the trade posts in China and India
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what happened when the peoples of the americas came into contact with europeans?
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war and sickness
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what were the chief features of the spanish empire in america?
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they forced indians to mine gold and silver they wanted to convert indians to christians and they wanted to farm
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what were the chief features of the dutch and french empires?
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comercial ventures dependent on indians as allies trading partners and allowed indians more freedom
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what were Native american societies like in pre columbian america before columbus the indians old world
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they were diverse complex and had a rich history
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why did they call the native indians indians?
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they believed they were in india so it is a historical mistake
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define ethnocentric
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the belief that your culture is better than others
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what are some examples of the complexity of native american culture?
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the cities at cahokia missippie vally and ohio vally, the trate commerve and economics, their government, art, religion philosophy and science, tradition of learning education and languages, agriculture allows population growth
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what powers and responsibilities were reserved for the individual nations?
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they have the power and responsibility to decide and vote on what is best for their people.
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did the indians have a constitution?
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yes although it was an oral constitution they did have one
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what did the indians constitution say?
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women must keep their chief on the path to richousness and if he strays than the woman is responsible to fulfill his role as chief
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what was the native american family structure like?
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the clans were extended family, the tribe represents a larger relationship than a single family. certain taboos were observed such as this clan could not marry that clan. they also observed obligations to each other this was to bring peace.
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what were the responsibilities of indian men?
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they had to hunt train the young males, deal with warefare, and make the tools
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what were the responsibilities of indian women?
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cooking/foraging, preparation and preservation of food, child birth
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what were some shared responsibilites in indian society?
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they both moved camp and raised children
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how was the indian culture less judgmental than the new comers?
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there was no stigma attached to a boy who did not want to be a manly man and visaversa. they believed that gender was a sovial construct
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what wer the europeans view of land ownership?
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they believed in privat property nearly exclusivly owned by men
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what were the indians view of land ownership?
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they were stewards of the land they used the land comunally within their tribes and they had a sacred relationship with the land
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explain the importance of each iroque tribe in realtion to government
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each group plays a key role in the gov. structure. there are 50 chiefs that are represintitives of their tribes. the senecas are keepers of the door and have 8 chiefs the cayugas have ten representitives, the fire keepers/onondagas have vito power and 14 representitives, the oneidas have 9 representitives and the mohawks are keepers of the door and have 9 representitives.
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what does the iroque government resemble?
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it resembles the us executive branch. chiefs can be recalled/impeached.
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what is the differance between the iroque government and american government?
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the iroque government shows the power women have
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what motivated the europeans to colonize in america?
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trade commerce new territories spread of religion profit treasure rise of new mercantile class new oppertunities imperialism nationalism glory of self/God/State, religious freedom for some.
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what was exchanged in the columbian exchange to europe from america?
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tabaco corn potatoes tomatoes pepper cotton, indigo, rice, spices, ideas about agriculture, disease (syphillis)
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what was exchanged in the columbian exchange to america from europe?
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sugar horses pigs cows fire arms and steal wepons, private land ownership, religion, disease (small pox, flu, tb, other poxs, diptheria, measals, mumps, whooping cough)
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how were europeans able to conqure larger empires?
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because of the disease they brought to america
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what were some common missunderstandings between the difffrent cultures?
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customs, education, religion, beliefs, morality, technology, ethnocentrism is a 2 way street, disease
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what happened in 1588?
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the spanish armada distruction. this allowed english safe passage to america
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what was the puritan societ like?
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strict modest theocracy religious refugees the leaders were more concerned with power than the religion, males controlled everything and they focused on family and education
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what were the spanish relations with indians?
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they forced them to work, encomenda
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what were the french relations with indians
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they depended on the indians even though they didnt really like them
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what were the english relations with indians
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they held them at arms length
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tell about roanoke
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native americans seeked the technologies goos and ther were mutual benefits to alliances at the beginning. the colonists vanished eventually
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which colonies excluded indians?
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english
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tell about james town
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first permanant settlement by the english, lots of problems: starvation, disease, unrest, poor leadership, hostile natives, internal conflict. mostly young males living here. many indentured servants
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tell about plymoth
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at first they had good relations with the indians there were families here, they had fewer slaves they had the mayflower compact, democratic tradition, idea of covanent bound them together through their religion
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which colonies included indians?
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roanoke, plymoth
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tell about bacons rebellion
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nathainal baccon was a loval planter, he went on strike against the local/provinial/english government, the lack of land drove the rebellion, bacons army was mostly made up of indebtured servants
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what were the roots of the atlantic slave trade?
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slavery already ecisted in europe africa middle east and north america. there was a growing need for laborers in the new world
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development of Atlantic slave trade
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africans made up majority of new arrivials in america, old world staple crops were transplanted here and new world ones became popular in europe.
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why slaves?
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no contract with an end date, no freedom dues or wages, the desendents are also slaves, waiting pool of labor, no rites, viewed as property not human, higher profit, forced, not many nonblack slaves
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why not servants?
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set time of work, freedom dues/wages, desendants are free, have some rights, choice, not many non white
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who is enslaved
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africans, more men than women also women and children but majority were youn males from 15-40 the younger the better
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what were the biggest cash crops in america?
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rice indigo sugar and tabaco
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what were the conditions during the middle passage like?
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crowded diseased dirty dark malnutrition, desparate, death commmon, scary
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how many slaves survived the middle passage?
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most slaves made it to america 10million by 1600-1800 and 3.4million by the civil war
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why were africans especially targeted for slavery?
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africans were already exposed to old world deiseases farming and crops, they were diffrent in skin color and religion so they represented "otherness", they were unfamiliar with the land so they could not run away as easily, they were relitivly close to america,
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explain the transformation of slave comunities
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they had some normalcy of where they came from
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what is the task system?
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slaves assigned tasks for a set amount of time, after that they have some time to spend with family or working their own garden in the evenings but they still were not free
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how did africans affect european culture?
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they cooked most of the food
& their music was diffrent |
