History 2010 Exam 3

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Louisiana Purchase

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1. Louisiana was originally under the possession of the Spanish, but was gained by the French under a secret treaty.

2. 1803, U.S. Minister to France Robert Livingston is ordered to negotiate with France in order to purchase New Orleans and Louisiana territory.

3. Robert Livingston does not give a price. Tells France that the U.S. might seize territory if a fair price is not given. France is in trouble during the time.

4. Deal is eventually struck. The U.S. purchases Louisiana territory from France for $15 million.

5. Spanish told France not to sell the land without their consent and protest the sale.

6. Louisiana territory included 828,000 square miles of land.

Main Significance: Large amounts of land were purchased for a very low price. Western expansion began and the idea of manifest destiny was furthered.

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Lewis & Clark Expedition (1804-1806)

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1. Expedition was established and financed by

Thomas Jefferson.

2. Goal of the expedition was to establish relationships with Indian tribes, determine Spanish influence & strength in the Louisiana territory, explore uncharted territory, and study plants, animals, climate etc.

3. Virginia Lt. Meriwether Lewis & 2nd Lt. William Clark to lead voluntary group of army troops.

4. Guides and Interpreters: Toussaint Charbonneau and his wife Sacajawea.

Main Significance: Led to the establishment of favorable relations with dozens of northwestern tribes as well as the development of more accurate maps of the area.

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Indian Removal Act of 1830

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1. Act passed in 1830 under Andrew Jackson.

2. The act was designed to remove southeastern Indian tribes from their ancestral homelands and moved them to territories west of the Mississippi River.

3. The act gave the Indians 8 years to 'voluntarily' remove themselves to new lands (until May 1838).

4. Tribes that were to be removed included: Cherokee, Creek, Seminoles, Chickasaw, and Choctaw.

5. The act had overwhelming support from white southerners. They were eager to get the land the Indians gave up.

6. The Cherokee tribe appealed to congress and Samuel Worcester sued on their behalf.

- The ruling was that the Cherokee lands could not be influenced by Georgia law and that the Indian Removal Act was unconstitutional.

- Ruling was ignored and eventually the Cherokee were forced to move.

Main Significance: Allowed for the seizing of southeastern land. Showed that the Supreme Court decisions had little power. Was the main cause for the Trail of Tears.

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Nat Turner's Rebellion

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1. The largest slave rebellion in U.S. history.(Stono Rebellion is considered colonial history.)

2. Nat Turner was a southern Virginia slave.

- Born with 'marks' on his body.

- Parents told him that he was special because of this.
- Self-taught to read & write.

- Very religious, devoted to Christianity.

3. February 1831, solar eclipse, Turner believed it was a sign from God.

4. Rebellion began August 22, 1831, group of slaves massacred their slave owners.

5. Rebellion grew to 60 slaves. 11 farms were attacked and killed 57 whites.

6. Turner convicted and hanged.

Main Significance: Southern paranoia escalates & the defense of slavery becomes stronger.

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Harriet Beecher Stowe and "Uncle Tom's Cabin"

(1852)

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1. Harriet Beecher Stowe, came from family of preachers, teachers, and reformers.

2. The book aroused northern sympathy for fugitive slaves.

3. The book depicted how slavery ripped apart slave families as well as targeted the brutality of slavery.

4. It was considered a "vital antislavery tool."

5. Was a bestseller from 1852-53 with the sale of over 2 million copies worldwide.

6. Southern reactions: The book was the work of crazed fanatic. "Writes about something she knows nothing about."

Main Significance: Free states sympathy for southern slave states was forever lost due the book. Perhaps the most influential book of the time with the exclusion of the Bible.

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Trail of Tears (1838)

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1. The Indian Removal Act's deadline for the voluntary removal was May 1838. After this point, forced removal will occur.

2. 1838, Army begins forcible removal of 18,000 Cherokee Indians and other remaining tribes.

3. Half of all Indians removed were moved on steamboats which frequently broke down and perished.

4. Only 13,000 Cherokee survived the journey to new lands.

5. Journey was perilous, many died from disease, starvation, etc.

Main Significance: This act of forced removal was a violation of the Supreme Court System. This reaffirmed the link between racism and white democracy. This proved the South's commitment to state sovereignty.

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1st U.S. Congress & Slavery

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Militant Abolitionism

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1. A much more radical form of Abolitionism.

2. Militant abolitionists rejected gradual emancipation, unlike traditional abolitionists.

3. Demanded immediate abolition. Slavery is a sin and goes against the values of the Declaration of Independence.

4. Militant abolitionists employed explosive language and action against slave owners.

5. Important, renowned militant abolitionists included:

- Benjamin Lundy.

- David Walker: Writer for "Freedoms Journal" anti-slavery magazine.

- Fredrick Douglass: Perhaps most influential African American abolitionist.

- Sojourner Truth

- William Lloyd Garrison: co-founder of "The Liberator" newspaper.

Main Significance: This type of abolitionism was much more hard and fast. It had significant influence on northern and southern populations alike, and potentially sped up the process of emancipation.

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Missouri Compromise (1820)

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1. Compromise to solve the crisis in Missouri: Slave state or not? Missouri threatens to upset the balance of slave states to non slave states.

2. Henry Clay led negotiations & agreements to resolve the crisis.

3. Compromise entailed: Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. Maine would be admitted as a free state.

4. Slavery was now prohibited north of 36" 30' latitude in the remainder of the Louisiana territory.

5. Seen as a loss by abolitionists: further division of the states.

6. Missouri constitution prohibited free blacks (1820-21). Violation of comity clause, northerners barred Missouri's admission.

Main Significance: Prevented conflict from arising around Missouri, kept the balance of free to slave states, slavery was now prohibited north of 36" 30' latitude in the remainder of the Louisiana territory.

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David Wilmot's Proviso (1846)

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1. David Wilmot, Quaker, congressman from Pennsylvania.

2. Proposed Proviso to ban in any territory acquired from the United States-Mexican War.

3. Passed in the House of Representatives.

4. Ultimately failed when the Senate voted against it. Senate had more southern influence than the house.

Main Significance: Northerners began to push for the ban of slavery in new territories and this further brought light to the idea.

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Compromise of 1850

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1. Series of 5 bills passed to resolve the issue of slavery stemming from the acquisition of western lands after the U.S.-Mexican War.

2. California to be admitted as a free state.

3. Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute resolved

4. Slave trade is abolished in Washington D.C.

5. Fugitive slave laws become more strict.

6. Drafted by Henry Clay.

Main Significance: Solved various territory issues, furthered the idea of prohibition of slavery in western federal territories, fugitive slave laws became worse than ever.

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Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

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1. " Vilest monument of infamy of the nineteenth century."

2. Most northerners supported the act despite being anti-slavery. This was the price they were willing to pay to keep the union.

3. Southerners overwhelmingly supported.

4. This act gave the government the power to: recover recently escaped slaves as well as runaway slaves prior to the new FSA.

5. Federal Marshalls authorized to raise passes to pursue fugitive slaves on northern soil.

6. Special appointed commissioners determined the fate of fugitive slaves.

7. Slaves could not testify, and were not given a jury trial. Permitted a slaves return to slavery on the testimony.

8. Commissioners were awarded $10 if ruling was against slaves and $5 is ruling was for slaves.

Main Significance: This act ignited the fight against slavery. This made it so slaves were not truly safe in free states. This was a major reason for the forming of the underground railroad.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

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1. 1853 Gadsen Purchase led to the discussion of the building of the transcontinental railroad to California.

2. Franklin Pierce and Southerners favored southern route while Stephen Douglas favored a northern route.

3. The territory the railroad would pass through was Indian reserves.

4. Douglas suggests the idea of popular sovereignty: allow the settlers of the territory to decide upon slavery themselves.

5. The bill passes through congress.

6. Repeals the Missouri compromise which kept area above the line free of slaves.

7. Divides Nebraska territory in two, forming Nebraska and Kansas.

8. Pushed Indians out of there reserves and further west.

Main Significance: This act formed the states of Kansas and Nebraska. Divided the Democratic party. The sole reason for the creation of the Republican party.

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Dred Scott vs. Sandford (1857)

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1. Dred Scott was a Missouri slave to John Emerson army surgeon. Moved to Illinois → free state.

2. Scott sold to new owner Sandford.

3. Court case, Dred Scott passed into a free state therefore should be free.

4. Court rules against Dred Scott in first trial.

5. 15 years later (1857) the case reaches supreme court. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney oversees the case.

6. Scott is ruled against once again and remains a slave.

Main Significance: Strengthened Republican party by writing North's opposition to slavery, contributed to Democratic party's split, & encouraged south's fire eaters to make bolder demands. Answered the questions, do blacks have rights to federal courts, does residency in a free state make one free?

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

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1. Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas ran for the Illinois senate seat in 1858.

2. Series of debates between the two.

3. Douglas wanted to paint Lincoln as a radical abolitionist, racial egalitarian, and a dangerous radical fanatic.

4. The main topic was often slavery.

Main Significance: Though Lincoln did not win the Illinois senate seat, he did, from these debates, become a well known figure and one that many northerners hoped to support in the future.

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Raid on Harper's Ferry (1859)

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1. John Brown is the leader. A known, extremely radical abolitionist.

2. The goal was to establish a free, biracial state in the heart of the old South & destroy slavery.

3. Capture the Harper's Ferry arsenal, Harper's Ferry is a military stockpile.

4. Funded by the "Secret Six": Various unnamed abolitionists, ministers, & businessmen.

5. Raid occurred October 16th: Brown and 18 men captured the town and took it hostage.

6. October 17th local militias and U.S. Marines form.

7. Oct. 18th 10 of the 18 men are fatally shot.

8. The rest of the men are captured and executed including John Brown.

Main Significance: This raid now gave the southerners reason to further justify slavery and led them to believe that all northerners were radical in this way. They believed, despite denial, that the free states were in on the raid and had funded it.

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Election of 1860

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Crittenden Compromise

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Fort Sumter & Abraham Lincoln's response

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Abraham Lincoln's Border State Strategy

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Election of 1864

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