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102 Cards in this Set
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Abassid Dynasty
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family who took over caliph (successor to Mohammed) position from the Umayyad family and passed it down. Based in Baghdad.
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Albigensian crusade
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(1209-1229) was a 20 yr. military campaign initiated by the Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc, France. It took on a political flavor and the French throne became involved. It started out as an inquisition of the Catholic church but led to a crusade as soldiers wanted to pillage. Albigensians were highly ascetic claiming all material was evil and spiritual was good. Manichaeists. Considered heretics- different doctrine than church.
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Ashoka
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third ruler of the Maurya Dynasty, India's first real empire. Converted to Buddhism. Grandson of Chandragupta. Ruled his empire with virtue and morality. Ashoka's pillar is what is left.
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Averroes
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Also known as Ibn Rushd. He was a Muslim Philosopher that was compared to Aristotle. Known as the founding father of secular thought in Western Europe. Brought philosophy to Europe. He was also a religious leader and was known for his philosophy in medicine and theology. He tried to show that you can unite classical thought, such as Aristotle's and Plato's, with Islam. Influenced scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas.
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Avignon (Babylonian captivity)
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3 popes during this time all claiming authority. This is due to factions among cardinals. King of France takes pope into Southern Fance. Avignon is the place where the newly elected French Pope resided under King Philip's authority, and had a palace built for him. King Philip had the election engineered and claimed authority, essentially, over the new pope. This established the era of Avignon popes where the papal court was heavily influenced by the king. Power of Papacy is declining in this time. Popes reside in S. France for 70 years before return to Rome.
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ayllu
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Andean lineage group or kin-based community (For Incas). Were self sufficient--obtained goods by sending out another colony to live on another elevation (Vertical Archipelagos) to grow different crops.
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Aztecs
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also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521) They forced defeated peoples to provides goods and labor as tax. (pg. 289) Their main city was Tenochtitlan. They used chinampas to grow crops on the lakes and were a very expansionist civilization. Their economy was based on conquering, enslaving, and taxing. They had a very violent religion that believed the God Huitzilopchtli required human hearts as sacrifice. Ruler was seen to have a divine mandate and held both religious and political roles. The aztecs were conquered by Cortez shortly after gaining power.
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Battle of Hastings
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October 14, 1066. Duke William II of Normandy wins the battle against the English King Harold II. In this battle King Harold II dies and Duke William gains control of England. It marks the end of Anglo-Saxon domination. It also brought along Germanic political order which differed greatly from the Roman order. It instituted less centralized power and the beginning of manoralism. Roads began to be in disrepair and literacy declined greatly.
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Beijing
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China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 for the Yuan Empire and now the capital of the People's Republic of China. Served as an eastern terminus of caravan routes. This imperial city was much more Chinese in nature than previous cities. It included the Forbidden City, an enclosed imperial complex.
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Black Death
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A virgin soil epidemic. An outbreak of the bubonic (transmitted by fleas) and pneumonic plague (airborne transmission) that spread across Asia, North Africa and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, wiping out vast numbers of persons and communities; it is responsible for a reverse in the population growth. The plague originated in China and traveled across Asia with the Mongol armies. When the Mongols attacked Caffa (located on the Black Sea) traders that came into contact with the city brought the plague to Europe. Before this the population growth had become extreme and there was a great fear of mass hunger. With the death ratio 1 in 3 there was definitely a psychological reaction to the epidemic; many chose to become more devoutly religious and others decided to take the eat, drink and be merry route. Famine, plague, war and death (4 horsemen of the Apocalypse) happen all at the same time, many thought it was the end of the world. Good for peasants (in short run), bad for nobles.
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Bodhisattvas
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Men and women who had achieved enlightenment and were on the threshold of nirvana but chose rebirth into mortal bodies to help others along the path to salvation. Practicing Buddhists can call upon them to seek help on their way to nirvana.
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Boethius
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Translates Aristotle's writings from Greek to Latin. Because of him, middle ages had philosophy. He was a Roman noble with ties to 2 popes and several Roman emperors. He became involved with politics at a young age was soon in service to Theodoric the Great. Mixed philosophies of Plato, Aristotle and Socrates with world religion. He was commissioned to help resolve the issues between the Church in Rome and the Church in Constantinople. When Theodoric the Great became paranoid and thought Boethius was conspiring with the Byzantines he had him executed. Boethius is buried at the church of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro and his burial place is mentioned in Dante's Paradise of the Divine Comedy.
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Brahma
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Is a member of the Trimurti, the three main gods which Hindus worship. He is the god of creation and all Hindus are believed to be descended from Brahma's child Manu.
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Brahman
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(world/earth soul), The genderless universal power which is the Divine Ground which is matter, energy, time, space, being and everything else in the universe. It is from this Brahman which atmen (human soul), the pieces that experience the rebirth cycle, come. When an atmen is released from Samsara it returns to a state of rest by reuniting with Brahman. The Trimurti can loosely be seen as a personification of the Brahman.
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Brahmin
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It one of the varnas, specifically the varna of priests and scholars. These varnas are a result of the differences between the invading Aryas and the indigenous people of the Indian subcontinent.
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Buddhism
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It is a branch of Vedic religion founded by the Indian prince Sidhartha Gautama. He took a journey out of his palace gates and saw life experiences. After realizing that life is pain, aging and eventually death, he meditated until he came up with the principles of Buddhism. The Four Noble Truths are 1) life is suffering 2) suffering arises from desire 3) the solution to suffering lies in *curbing desire and 4) desire can be curbed if a person follows the Eightfold Path of right views, aspirations, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, mindfulness and meditation. the last step involved becoming a monk and seperating one's self from society. Original Buddhism ignored the idea of gods intervening on an individuals behalf. The only way to reach Nirvana (release from rebirth) was through the Middle Path. It believes in reincarnation. It has spread throughout Asia and now the two main sects are Mahayana and Thereavada. After Nirvana flame gets blown out ( no longer exist). Whereas in the vedic religion you join the larger flame. Not a family oriented religion.
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caesaropapism
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combining political and religious authority into one person. Justinian, Theodosius, Constantine are examples.
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caliphate
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Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammed, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (pg. 208)
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Carolingian Renaissance
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period of intellectual and cultural revival occurring in the late eighth and ninth centuries, with the peak of the activities occurring during the reigns of the Carolingian ruler Charlemagne. During this period there was an increase of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, and scriptural studies. Latin works were translated in the monasteries and Ireland distributed books. The period was more an attempt to recreate the previous culture of the Roman Empire.
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Charlemagne
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he was ordained to be the king by the pope on the 25 DECEMBER 800 (Know), created a legacy of christian rulers, also known as "Charles the Great." This gives pope power to make and un-make emperors. Charlemagne was the holy roman emperor and looked back to Rome.
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Constantine
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Mother was christian. He had to conquer Rome all over again to get kingdom back. There were four challengers. 2 were defeated so it just left him and Maxentius. Before the Milvian Bridge battle he had a dream to which he attributed it to the Christian God. He saw a cross. So he put crosses on all of the soldier's shields. After wining the battle and gaining control he made Christianity the official religion of Rome. Crucial for legitimizing Christianity and now the non-christians were persecuted. Nicene Creed 325 AD.
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dharma
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(Buddhist) do your best in the role of society you hold; a Vedic belief. Basically holds classes together so that a servant will accept his role and not be rebellious. Accept roles.
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Divine comedy
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A long, elegant poem written by the Italian Dante Alighieri. The first and most famous part is called Dante's Inferno. It is an allegorical story about how he travels throught the 9 circles of Hell and the 7 terraces of purgatory. He ends up in paradise at the end. Made use of Greco-Roman Classical themes and mythology. It is very clear to see how medieval people thought back then through this work.
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Feudalism
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during the Middle Ages. Along with manoralism, a result of the decline of cities after the fall of the Roman & Byzantine Empires. All land belonged to the king who gave pieces (fiefs) to loyal subordinates (vassal) for their support. Suzerain was the overlord of vassals who swear fealty to the suzerain. Knights fought for the vassal in exchange for land. Serfs farm part of the land, give lord part of the harvest of his land each year, aren't able to leave. Renewed the patron- client relationship of Rome, effect of Roman influence.
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Flying Buttress
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architectural element of Gothic architecture, used to help support taller buildings like cathedrals
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Footbinding
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done only to the elite women to show their status, caused them to not be able to walk on their own without help, started at a very young age so proper shape could be achieved. Seen as beautiful, yet very painful.
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Forbidden City
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Located in Beijing, a closed imperial complex originally belonging to Khubilai Khan (Yuan Dynasty), improved on by Yongle (third emperor of Ming dynasty) to what it is today. Basically housed Chinese emperors.
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Genghis Khan
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the name Mongols called their leader Temüjin, meaning supreme leader (literally "oceanic" or "universal" leader). He was the founder of the Mongol empire and conquered and unified western and eastern Eurasia. His death prevented the Mongols from attacking and conquering Europe.
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Gothic
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An architecture style that started in medieval Northern Europe in the land of the Goths. It evolved from Romanesque architecture, yet was much more ornate. The cathedrals were taller and had more/bigger windows than romanesque architecture. Its main feature was the skeleton structure and flying buttresses which allowed it to be taller. An example of Gothic architecture was St. Denis.
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Granada
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The final piece of Muslim territory to be conquered in 1492, a city in Spain. It ended the reconquista.
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Grand Canal
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1,100 mile long waterway. It connected the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers together. Built during the Sui dynasty. Effect was lasting trade and transportation.
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Gupta Dynasty
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A powerful Indian state based like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valleys. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisitcated culture. (pg. 141)
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Hadith
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"report." it was the 2nd most important work in the Islamic religion, contained words and actions of Mohammad.
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Han Dynasty
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Liu Bang was its founder. During this time, Confucianism became the state ethic. A time of economic prosperity, the Chinese attribute this dynasty as their lineage. A Han chinese person is a 1st class citizen today, and chinese rulers refer to themselves as men of the Han. Technologically advanced.--Horse collar, watermill, paper, crossbow.
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Hanseatic League
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An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (pg. 368) Area of Europe which became very dynamic due to increase in trade. The league offered mutual protection which increased trade routes.
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Hijra
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Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina) in 622. Due to persecutions, also called there to settle religious dispute.
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Hinduism
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A general term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. Has roots in ancient Vedic traditions, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts/practices. Spread to SE Asia. (pg. 137) Biggest influence was the social structure it enforced through Varnas and Caste. It believed in reincarnation, Karma, and that many Gods could help you achieve Moksha.
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Huitzilopochtli
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The chief god of the Mexica (Aztecs). Originally associated with war, the Aztecs later identified this god with the Sun. The Aztecs believed that Huitzilopochtli required a diet of human hearts to sustain him in his daily struggle to bring the Sun's warmth to the world.
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Hundred Years War
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(1337-1453) King of England has claims to lands in France (through Elinor of Aquitaine). This was because no French heir was born and King Edward III had a French mother. Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French Royal families and French noble families, at the time of the outbreak of the plague. Joan of Arc ( french) burned at stake as a witch. 1st cannon used during this war. English longbows better than Italian crossbow. At end of war, French monarchy was in firm control.
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Incas
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Andean Civilization. Largest and most powerful Andean Empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. (pg. 299). More isolationist than Aztecs. Adapted to mountain environment and developed the 1st potato. Clans called Ayllu like Aztec Calpulli. Conquered by Spanish Pizzaro.
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Innocent III
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was the most powerful and influential pope of the Middle Ages. He sponsored the Fourth Crusade and the Albigensian Crusade, and he built the papacy into a more powerful, prestigious institution than it had ever been before. Innocent viewed the role of the pope as not merely a spiritual leader but a secular one as well. Innocent made the position of Pope a Superpower, a pope at the zenith of power, Caesar and the pope in one. Creates kingdom of Portugal, his word is supreme, even over kings.
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Investiture Controversy
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The debate and arguement of who held the ultimate power - the Pope or the Holy Roman Emperors. When a bishop dies, who chooses the new bishop and who invests him with power in his new office? Kings and Pope both claimed that power because whoever gained the claim held a lot of power. Henry IV tried to defy Pope Gregory VII, who excommunicated Henry in an effort to bring him back into line. Also used Interdict - a papal decree commanding priests/bishops not to do any sacraments (baptisms, last rights, etc) as long as he is king. Creates tremendous pressure on the king to reform as religion is extremely important to people.
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Ishmael
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The son of Abraham and Hagar. The forefather of the Arabs in the Bible. According to Muslims, he was the son that Abraham was supposed to sacrifice and not Isaac.
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Jainism
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founded by Mahavira, lived a very ascetic life. Believed that one is to fast, be alone, and mortify body. Believed in karma, but there was only bad karma. Purpose was to do as little as possible. They were not supposed to pursue an education. Goal in life was to die fasting. Conquer desire. This was a radical religion and not very popular because it was so hard to live.
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Johann Gutenberg
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Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press with replaceable/movable wooden or metal letters in 1436 (completed by 1440). Considered one of the most important inventions in history. Information easily transported through time or distance, easy to mass produce. His first production was the printed Gutenberg bible from the Vulgate.
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John Hus
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He is famed for having been burned at the stake by civil authorities for the propagation of what the Catholic Church considered to be his heretical views of church doctrine and theology. Hus was a key predecessor to the Protestant movement of the 16th century. Was from Bohemia and was very similar to John Wycliff stating anyone could baptize and have priesthood, not just clergy. After he was burned his ashes were thrown into the river so there would be no relics.
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Justinian
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Byzantine King. He was Constantine's successor. Itis said that his wife had a very large influence over his decisions. Justinian was Casearopapism- the combining of political and religious in one ruler. Ordered the codification of law, and as a result many laws throughout Europe today are Romanish.
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Kamikaze
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it was the "divine wind" that stopped the mongols from overtaking Japan. The Japanese attribute this to their wind god. Essentially it was the storms/hurricanes that drove back the mongols into mainland China.
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Karma
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one's actions will affect them in this life and in the life to come. There is good and bad karma. It decided what happened to a person in the next life. Vedic belief. There is only bad karma in Jainism.
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khalifa
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have religious and political authority in Islam. Means "successor to Muhammad." None today
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Kong Fu Zi - Confucius
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-chinese philosopher during the latter half of Zhou Dynasty-advisor to Duke of Zhou's court, let go, started wandering China telling people how to treat each other -huge impact on politics --Period of the Hundred Schools-->Time of enlightenment and growth in China.-The illegitimate son of a Chinese military man. Large in stature and imposing. Somewhat ugly looking. Holds minor beaurocratic positions. Avoided metaphysics and religion. Believed and taught that humans by nature are good (opposite of legalism). He "lifted one corner" when he taught his students - suggestive teaching. Knowledge of his teachings becomes requirement for civil service exams in China.
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Magna Carta
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Document Prince John (think Robin Hood) was forced to sign by the aristocracy in 1215. Essentially detailed their rights, demanded that John admit he's been wrong and respect those rights otherwise the aristocracy would be justified in ousting him. Implies that king is not all-powerful, a contract between the king and the people (more specifically, the aristocracy). Check on King's powers.
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Mahavira
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founder of Jainism. Also a Prince who used to be from a wealthier class.
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Mandarin Chinese
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"Mongolian" Chinese. Language of mainland Chinese people, of/pertaining to mainland China (not HK or Taiwan). Mandarin came from the mongols when they ruled China.
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Manoralism
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during the Middle Ages. Along with feudalism, a result of the decline of cities after the fall of the Roman & Byzantine Empires. Consisted of a manor (self-sufficient farming estates), farmers gave lands to large landowners in exchange for political/physical protection, outbuildings, peasant village (dependent farmers lived here). Very rigid social structure. Sharecropping with peasants on a fief.
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Marco Polo
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From Venice, introduced Europeans to Central Asia/China, spent 24 years in Asia, wrote a book about his travels and eventually became a wealthy merchant. Mongols in power in China at this time, interested in facilitating trade, unlike the Chinese.
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Mauryan Dynasty
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An Indian empire that was located in the Ganges Plain from 324-184 BCE, the first to unify most of the Indian subcontinent, founded by Chandragupta Maurya, capital was Pataliputra, grew wealthy from taxes on agriculture, iron mining, and control of trade routes.
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Mayan
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ancient Mesoamerican civilization, mostly in Yucatan peninsula of Mexico/Guatemala/Honduras though never unified into a single empire. One contribution was a calendar - ritual and solar. Ball game appears to be religious in nature to the Maya. ALSO, the term Maya could mean a vedic belief that life is an illusion and not reality.
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Mecca
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City in the Saudi Arabian peninsula, home of Mohammed and where he received his original visions from Gabriel. Kabah (shrine, a black stone supposedly come down out of heaven) resides here, pilgrimage (hajj) to go see it, among other things. After being force moved to Medina, Mohammed comes back to Mecca to Raid non-believers.
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Medina
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City to the north of Mecca (on Saudi Arabian peninsula), originally called Yathrib. Mohammed called there as an outside mediator to help settle a religious dispute, which failed, eventually took over with military and renamed it Medina, or "city of the prophet". Became center of military power to eventually take Mecca.
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Ming Empire
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overthrew the Yuan Empire. Yongle was the emperor. During this time technological advances slowed down. Main achievements were in the arts, literature, and porcelain. The leaders tried to establish anti-Mongol methods of ruling but it never really happened. Many methods where adopted and used by the chinese. Added to the Forbidden City.
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Missionary Religions
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Islam, Buddhism, Christianity. Christianity and Islam would often use military methods to spread the religion, ex. Crusades, whereas Buddhism would adapt to its surrounding environment. Xuanzang - the man who went to India and lived there for 17 years to learn about Buddhism. Eventually came back to China and shared it with others.
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Mohammed
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Arab prophet and founder of Islam. Lived in Mecca. Received revelations from the angel Gabriel. Visits God, Allah. Rigorously monotheistic.
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Moksha
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Hinduism and Vedic belief. The spirit's liberation from the cycle of rebirth or reincarnation. The spirit ceases desire for worldly things and is reunited with the divine force of the Universe. Atmen reunites with Brahman.
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Mongols
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Nomads from northern Eurasia. Known for military brutality and dominance through the mastery of horseback riding and archery (specifically their bows). They established a great empire under Ghengis Khan. they were influential in "opening up" China to trade. Also involved in the spreading of the black plague. The main reason they did not overtake Europe was because of the death of Genghis Khan. Led up to Kublai Khan and the Yuan Empire.
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Monsoon
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seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean caused by the difference in temperatures between the quickly changing land and slow cooling/heating of the water. Responsible for great rain for India, snow in the Himalayas, and even drought. Trade and ships built expeditions around monsoon winds that were predictable.
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Nicene Creed
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(325 ce) Council called by Constantine, the Roman Emperor, because he saw divisions in the Catholic church within his empire. Constantine called the bishops of the church to Nicaea in order to come to a consensus on several doctrinal beliefs, including the nature and relationship of God and Jesus Christ. The Nicene Creed was created at this council. 3 in 1.
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Nirvana
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means "snuffing out the flame". In Buddhism, nirvana is the release from suffering, desire, and the cycle of reincarnation. It is the achievement of a state of perpetual tranquility. Nirvana is the ultimate reward that is achievement by living life with moderation and searching for spiritual truth through self-discipline and meditation.
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Nomadism
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A way of life that consists of moving from place to place without having a permanent residence in search of pastures and water. This is usually done when there is a scarcity of resources. Usually goes with pastoralism and raising animals.
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Ögödei
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succeeded his father, Genghis Khan, as the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire in 1227ce. He conquered Tanggut and the Jin. Controlled the Golden Horde in Russia and the Jagadai in Central Asia.
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Olmec
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Base 20 number system. The first mesoamerican civilization. Between 1200-400 BCE, the Olmec People of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide ranging trade, ceremonial centers and monumental construction. Passed on artistic style, religious imagery, sophisticated astronomical observation for calendars and a ritual ball game. (pg. 62).
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Ottoman Turks
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division of the Ottoman Muslim millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. Sacked Constantinople and led to the decline of the Byzantine Empire. Timur lane defeated Ottoman Sultan but that was only a brief setback.
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Paul
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Known as "the apostle." Roman citizen, Jewish, educated, determined to bring an end to the Christianity mess. First tried to stamp out the Christians. On the way to Damascus to persecute Christians, Christ appeared unto him. Paul had a life-changing experience. Paul then became a teacher, missionary. Much of the spread of Christianity throughout the Roman empire and the East was contributed to him. We don’t appreciate him enough.
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Prince Henry
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Portuguese prince known as "the Navigator". Crucial to expansion of Europe, wants wealth of North Africa to help launch a crusade to expel Muslims from Europe. Mixed motives to explore for wealth and also crusade. Married the Duchess of Aquitaine, because of this marriage, their children became king to not only the land in England but the land in France as well. He established a navigational center at Sagres. Improved magnetic compass and mapped much of Africa's west coast.
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Qin Dynasty
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gets the name China. Qin Shihuangdi was the 1st emperor. Swept away feudalism and war lords. Everything was for the welfare of China and there was no individual. Practiced very legalist principles. Built great wall of China and mausoleum. Killed scholars, burned books. *Terra cotta warriors were in Shihuangdi's tomb. He united China. Built roads. Whole country was a prison camp but it created a great empire that was extremely wealthy.Wealth came from conquered subjects. Qin dynasty was overthrown by the xiongnu (mongol tribes) creating the Han dynasty.
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Quran, Koran
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means "recitation". Was believed to be compilation of what was said to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel. A revelation sent down from God. The ultimate source of authority. Chapters are called sura
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Reconquista (Reconquest)
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a 800 year prd. in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking it from the Muslim Province by 1492 (Granada the last city to fall at the hands of Ferdinand and Isabella) the Iberian Peninsula was under complete Christian rule.
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Romanesque
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style used in Western Europe from 1000 AD to the 13th century. Roundheaded arches, barrel vaults, apses and acanthus- leaf decor. Impacted all of European Catholic influenced by Byzantine and leads to Gothic. It had square features, little light, low ceilings, shorter than Gothic style, and contained many sculptures inside.
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Samsara
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Hinduism, the process of the reincarnation of souls. The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Samsara makes reincarnation possible. This cycle ends with moksha.
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Scholasticism
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Attempted to demonstrate proof through deductive logic. Those who memorized massive amounts of information including papal edicts, classical philosophers, Bible, etc in order to debate. Mount convincing argument according to what authorities had said on the subject. Also, trying to reconcile classical philosophy/science with Christianity, to say that they were compatible. Most famous scholastic philosopher was Thomas Aquinas, tried to show faith and reason could work hand in hand.
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Shi Huangdi
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Shi Huangdi, first emperor of the Qin dynasty, first to create centralized power, ruthless, more interested in the welfare of the state than the welfare of the individual, believed in Legalism, built/connected Great Wall, killed scholars and burned books
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Shi'ite
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branch of Islam that believes God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Mohammed's son-in-law Ali. State religion of Iran. (pg. 208, 481)
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Silk Road
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caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across central Asia and Iran. Used by Marco Polo and allowed the exchange of information and goods. (pg. 175). It was more influential in spreading ideas and cultures than just goods and products.
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Saint Augustine
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Latin speaking philosopher and theologian living in the Roman Africa Province. Wrote Encheridion and On the City of God. He believed grace was indispensable to human freedom and frame the concepts of original sin and just war. The church is a spiritual City of God not just a literal location. Protestantism is built on St. Augustine. He also taught salvation depends on God's grace (works have no effect), and God chooses whom he will give his grace to. This is essentially predestination. Considered the best theologian.
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Saint Jerome
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translated the Bible into Latin; it is called the Vulgate. He is recognized as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. Commonly seen with a lion in pictures as he supposedly took a thorn from a lion and kept is as a pet. The lion was falsely accused of eating some sheep. He also is seen with a stone and a skull to remind him of human temporal.
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Saint Simeon Stylite
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a Christian ascetic saint who is famous for living 37 yrs on a small platform on top of a pillar near Aleppo in Syria. A hermit. No sacrifice is enough for him. Punishes his body.
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Saint Thomas Aquinas
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an Italian priest of the Catholic Church in the Dominican Order. Part of the scholasticism tradition (trying to reconcile classical philosophy with Christianity)-- he influenced western thought on ethics, natural laws and political theory. He wrote the Summa Theologica. Believed faith and reason could go hand in hand.
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Sufism
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The mystical dimension of Islam it is a reaction to more worldly sects. They believe it is possible to draw closer to God in this life-- they work to restore themselves to the primordial state of titra. Whirling dervishes.
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Summa Theologica
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written by Thomas Aquinas. It is an unfinished compilation of the main theological teachings of the time. It is supposed to contain all the truth in the world.
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34. ἀπολύω
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34. ἀπολύω
I release, dismiss, send away |
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T'ang Dynasty
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Began when the Powerful Li family took advantage of the disarray of the Sui dynasty. Endorsed Buddhism. Silk Road. Large military. Civil service exam. Confucian Principles still strong.
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Taoism (Daoism)
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founder was Lao Zi, Dao= "the way" of nature or the "cosmos." A passive force. *Very paradoxical. Soft like water but erodes large rock. Avoids active political life like epicureanism. Chinese religion that incorporated an array of mystical and magical practices, including alchemy (the art of turning common materials into precious metals such as gold) and the search for potions that would impart immortality. Questioned tradition and rejected the hierarchy and rules of the Confucian elite classes. do not seek for greater education.
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Tawantinsuyu
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Name by which Incas referred to their empire. Meant the Four Regions, or the Four United Provinces. Cuzco is its center (capital).
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Teotihuacán
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One of Mesoamerica's most important classic-period civilizations. At the height of its power, it was the largest city in the Americas. There was no writing system, so all we have are archaeo logical accounts. The center of a large commercial network that ran throughout Mexico. Believed to be the city of the Gods by the Aztecs.
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The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
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Sailing itinerary that was composed in the first century C.E. by an unknown Greco-Egyptian merchant. It highlights the diversity of peoples and products from the Red Sea to the Bay of Bengal. It is the most revealing description of ancient trade in the Indian Ocean and of the diversity and economic forces shaping the Indian Ocean trading system.
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Tiahuanaco
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pre-columbian city that is likely where the Incas came from. important precursor to the Inca empire.
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Timur the Lame
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aka. Tamerlane; conquered much of western and central Asia and founder of Timurid Empire and dynasty. Patron of the arts who saw himself as supported by god. A turkic but raged war on other turkics. He saw himself as the "new Genghis Khan." His descendants also founded Mughal empire.
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Umayyad Dynasty
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family that took over caliph (successor to Mohammed) position and passed it down through the generations, overthrown/massacred by the Ambassid family. Based in Damascus
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Varna
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4 main social groups: Brahmin ( Priest), Warrior, Artisan/merchant, Sudra. untouchables - not consdidered to be in the caste system.
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Vedic Age
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called the vedic age after the vedas (religious texts) that are the main source of information from this period. The rig-veda is the main text and is also the oldest. During this time the Indo-Europeans (Aryans) came into northen India and had a strong influence. The vedic religion is the precursor to Hinduism. The social organization of the vedic age was the 4 varnas. There is racial subjugation as well. Hinduism and Buddhism emerge from the Vedic religious tradition.
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Xiongnu
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a confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the NW frontier of ancient China. Attacked China during Qin dynasty. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these barbarians and finally succeeded in dispersing them in the 1st cen ce+.
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Yathrib
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former name of Medina, a city north of Mecca. Mohammed called here to settle religious dispute, ends up taking over the city militarily and renaming it Medina (City of the prophet)
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