History 1St Semester Exam

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a willingness to let others practice their own beliefs

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religious tolerance

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holy day of rest

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Sabbath

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settlers discussed and voted on many issues

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town meetings

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the king gave land to one or more people in return for a yearly payment

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proprietary colony

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a colony under the direct control of the English crown

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royal colony

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owners of huge estates

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patroons

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crops that are sold fro money at market

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cash crops

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a plant used to make a valuable blue dye

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indigo

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people who owned money they could not pay back

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debtors

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treated enslaved Africans not as human beings but as property

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slave codes

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the belief that one race is superior to another

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racism

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nation became strong by keeping strict control over its trade

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mercantilism

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good sent to markets outside a country

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exports

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goods brought into a country

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imports

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the three legs of the route formed a triangle

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triangular trade

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a group of people who have the power to make laws

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legislature

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a written list of freedoms the government promises to protect

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bill of rights

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the top of society

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gentry

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included farmers who worked their own land, skilled crafts workers, and some tradespeople

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middle class

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signed contracts to work without wages for a period of four to seven years for anyone who would pay their ocean passage to the Americas

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indentured servants

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schools supported by taxes

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public schools

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private teachers

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tutors

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worked for a master to learn a trade or a craft

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apprentices

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private schools run by women in their own homes

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dame schools

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the act of publishing a statement that may unjustly damage a person's reputation

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libel

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group of English protestants who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Puritans

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elected representative assembly in Massachusetts Bay Colony

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General court

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a 1639 plan of government in the Puritan colony is Connecticut; expanded the idea of representative government in the English colonies

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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

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Protestant reformers who believe in the equality of all people

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Quakers

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German-speaking Protestants who settled in Pennsylvania

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Pennsylvania Dutch

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boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland that divided the Middle Colonies from the Southern Colonies

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Mason-Dixon Line

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a 1649 law passed by the Maryland assembly that provided religious freedom for all Christians

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Act of Toleration

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a 1676 raid led by Nathaniel Bacon against the governor and Native Americans in Virginia

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Bacon's Rebellion

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series of laws passed by the English Parliament in the 1650s that regulated trade between England and its colonies

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Navigation Acts

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nickname for New England merchants who dominated colonial trade

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Yankee

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in 1688, movement htat brought William and Mary to the throne of England and stregnthenedth rights of English citizens

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Glorious Revolution

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a 1689 document that guaranteed the rights of English citizens

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English Bill of Rights

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combination of English and West African languages spoken by African Americans in the South Carolina colony

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Gullah

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religious movement in the early 1700s

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Great Awakening

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movement in Europe in the 1600s and 1700s that emphasized theuse of reason

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Enlightment

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a war that took place from 1754 t5o 1763 between England and France, both aided by Native American allies, that led to the end of French power in North America

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French and Indian War

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proposal by Benjamin Franklin to create one government for the 13 colonies

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Albany Plan of Union

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a feild near Quebec; site of a major British victory over the French in teh French and Indian War

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Plain of Abraham

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a 1763 agreement betweeen Britian and France that ended the French and Indian War, and marked the end of French power in North America; peace treaty between the United States and Britain, ratified in 1783, that recognized the United States as an independent nation

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Treaty of Paris

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a 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlemant of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area

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Pontiac's War

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law forbidding English colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains

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Proclamation of 1763

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a 1765 law that placed new duties on legal documents and taxed newspapers, almanacs, playing cards, and dice

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Stamp Act

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a formal written request to someone in authority, sighed by a group of people

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petition

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to refuse to buy certain goods and services

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boycott

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canceled

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repealed

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laws passed in 1767 that taxed goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea

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Townshend Acts

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allowed to inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason

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writs of assistance

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a 1770 conflict between colonists and British troops in which five colonits were killed

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Boston Massacre

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regularly wrote letters and pamphlets reporting to other colonies on event in Massachusetts

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committee of correspondence

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a 1773 law that let the British East INdia Company bypass tea merchants and sell directly to colonists

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Tea Act

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a 1773 protest i nwhich coloinists dressed as Indians udmped British tea into the Boston harbor

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Boston Tea Party

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series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party

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Intolerable Acts

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law that set up a government for Canada and protected the rights of French atholics

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Quebec Act

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in 1774, meeting in Phiadelphia of delegates from 12 colonies

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Frist Continental Congress

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an army of citizens who serve as soldiers during an emergency

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militia

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prepared to fight at a minute's notice

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minutemen

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in 1775, conflicts between Massachusetts colonists and British soldiers that started the Rovolutionary War

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battles of Lexington and Concord

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Who started the Massachusetts Bay Colony? Why?

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Puritans; they wanted to reform the Church of England in June, 1630

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Who founded Connecticut? How did Connecticut come to be a colony?

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Thomas Hooker; he led people out of Massachusetts because he didn't believe in all the Puritan beliefs

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Who founded the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?

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Thomas Hooker

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How did Rhode Island become a colony?

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Roger Williams believed that the Puritan Church had to much power so he left the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635 and settled in Rhode Island in the spring of 1636

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What was different about the religion policy in Rhode Island?

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Roger Williams allowed freedom of religion

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Who was Anne Hutchinson?

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a Puritan in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who fled to Rhode Island because of religious beliefs in 1638

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What colonies were known as the 'Middle Colonies"?

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New York, Deleware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania

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What colony seperated from New York in 1664? Why?

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New Jersey; because the king gave to much land to Duke of York so he set up a proprietary colony

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What colony was known as the royal colony?

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New Jersey

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How did Pennsylvania come to a colony? Who started it?

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in 1681, William Penn converted to Quaker (despised in England), Charles II gave him land in North America that he called "Pennsylvania" or "Penn's Woodlands"

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What did Penn expect in his colony?

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model of religious freedom, peace, and Christian living; people could come to the colony to escape persecution in England

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How did Pennsylania earn respect from the Native Americans?

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He stood up for them and made settlers pay for Native's land

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Who were Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon?

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two men that journeyed the 244 mile long boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland; it was also the boundary between Middle and Southern Colonies

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How did Maryland come to be a colony?

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Sir George Calvert wanted to start a colony where Catholics could practice their religion freely; when he died, his son, Lord Baltimore, continued his father's mission

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What was the Act of Tolerance?

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an act passed by Lord Baltimore that provided religious freedom for all Christians (non Jews)

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Explain Bacon's Rebellion.

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when the govenor refused to do anything about the conflicts with Indians, Nathaniel Bacon led angry frontier men and women to raid Native American villagesand burned the capital of Jamestown

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Which Carolina flourished? North or South Carolina? Explain why.

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South Carolina; because it was set up where teh Ashley and Cooper rivers met, they set up a town called Charleston which flourished

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What were the Navigation Acts?

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an act passed by Parliament that regulated trade between England and the colonies

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Explain the Triangular Trade.

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the 3 legs of the route formed a triangle;
-1st leg: New England ships carried fish, lumber, and others to West Indies then sailed back to England;
-2nd leg: New England to West Africa, traded goods for slaves with Yankees;
-3rd leg: carried enslaved Africans to West Indies

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What rights were different for women in the colonies then women in England?

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women had more rights in colonies, couldn't start a business or sign a contract, unmarried women had more rights then married ones

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Explain the difference between life in the backcountry and life in the city.

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in the backcountry, wives and husbands wroked together in the fields and harvest time; in cities, women worked outside the home or as a made for gentries

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What di the Great Awakening cause?

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Jonathon Edwards preached the beauty of God, aroused debate, supporters broke away from their Churches, speread democratic feelings, people thought differently about politics and government, challenged British authority

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Who was fighting over the Ohio River Valley and what was this war called?

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British and France; French and Indian War

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How did defeat and disunity hurt the early British war effort?

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it put a serious strain on their alliances with the Native Americans who had been counting on them to protect them from the French

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What events turned the tide of battle after William Pitt became head of the British government?

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William Pitt was put in charge of the British government. Under his rule, Major General Jeffrey Amherst captured Louisburg, then Fort Duquesne

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What was the result of the Albany Plan of Union?

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the plan was an attempt to create one general government for the 13 colonies, the plan was then denied by the colonial assemblies.

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How did the battle of Quebec lead to the fall of New France to the British?

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Without Quebec, the French couldn't supply their forts farther up the St. Lawrence River.

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How did Birtain's victory in the French and Indian War make it the most powerful force in North America?

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Britain was now the strongest force in the New World. It would soon need to expand more and conquer more land. French was said to be one of the storngest armies but Britain had defeated them.

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After British defeated the French, what problems occured with the Indians?

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in 1762, British sent Lord Jeffery Amherst to the frontier to keep order. He decided not to treat the Indians the same way the French did. Many attacks, including teh Pontiac's War, occured and soon signed a Treaty of Paris and stopped fighting each other.

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Explain the Proclamation of 1763.

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it drew an imaginary line, not allowing colonists to go west of the line to protect Indians. the colonists soon were angered and just ignored the act.

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Explain the Sugar Act.

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in 1764, prime minister, George Grenville, asked Parliament to the act that put a new tax on molasses which replaced an earlier tax.

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Explain the Stamp Act.

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in 1765, Grenville asked Parliament to pass the act that placed new duties on on legal documents (wills, diplomas, and marriage papers). all items in the act had to have a stamp on it showing that the tax had been paid.

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What was the result of the Stamp Act?

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colonists claimed that the taxes were unjust and signed petitions that went to King George III and Parliament. the colonists soon boycotted goods so Parliament finally in 1766 repealed the Stamp Act.

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Explain the Townshend Acts.

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in 1767, Parliament passed this act taxing goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea.

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How did the colonists react to the Townshend Acts?

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they protested wildly and set up the Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty.

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What were the Sons of Liberty?

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a group of men that staged mock trials of hangings. The hangings were meant to show tax collectors what might happen to them if the taxes continued

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What were the Daughters of Liberty?

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a group of women that paraded, signed petitions, and organized a boycott of British cloth.

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What happened on the night of the Boston Massacre?

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a group of colonists began to arouse and harrass British soldiers causing one of the soldiers to fire out into the crowd.

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Explain the Quartering Act.

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a law passed in New York saying that colonists had to provide housing, bedding, etc. for the British soldiers.

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Explain the Tea Act.

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in 1773, Britain found themselves in debt and passed the Tea Act. the act let the British East India Company bypass t4ea merchants and sell directly to colonists. colonists protested the Tea Act even though it cost less then before.

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What happened the night of the Boston Tea Party?

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on December 16, 1773 colonists (disguised at Indians) demanded the British to send there ships filled with tea out of their harbor. when they denied to do so, the coloinsts came upon the ships and dumped all of the tea int othe harbor.

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Explain what happened in result of the Boston Tea Party.

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in 1774, Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts. there were four different Intolerable Acts.

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List and explain the 4 Intolerable Acts.

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1st- Britain closed the Boston harbor and made them pay for the damage
2nd- no meetings were to be held more than once a year without government permission
3rd- officers could be tried in Britain rather than in the colonies
4th- Quartering Acts were passed

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What was the Quebec Act?

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it set up a government for Canada and gave complete religious freedom to French Catholics.

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Why did British troops go to Concord on April 18 1775?

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British commandor, General Thomas Gage, found a large store of firearms.

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What happened at the battles of Lexington and Concord?

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when the British troops tried to get the firearms, colonists shot at them and defeated the British, this was only the start of the Revolutionary War.