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22 Cards in this Set
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Great Migration
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The Great Migration was the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West Time: Occurred between 1910 and 1970 |
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Red Scare of 1919-1920
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A short-lived but intense period of political intolerance inspired by the post war strike wave and the social tensions and fears generated by the Russian Revolution. General A. Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover ordered The Palmer Raids arresting over 5000 people and holding them for months. Large scale deportation of immigrants, and profiles on all Americas were created.
Time: 1919-1920 Historical Significance: The events of 1919-1920 was a huge setback for radical and labor organizations and kindled an intense identification of patriotic Americanism with support for political and economic status quo. The reaction to the Palmer Raids caused a seed of appreciation for civil liberties which flourished later on. |
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Moral Imperialism |
Moral imperialism is the desire and tendency to impose one's own moral standards on others. Time: 1912 Historical Significance: Woodrow Wilson’s policy produced more military interventions in Latin America than any other president. He wanted to expand American economic influence, not just for profit, but to spread liberty and justice and convert the rest of the world to the principles of America. He sent marines to occupy Haiti after they refused American banks to oversee its financial dealings. He established a military government in the Dominican Republic, they did little to promote democracy. |
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Liberty of Contract
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Defined as being within the liberties protected by the due-process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; when it came to labor laws, this translated into an employee's "liberty" to contract for work under the most oppressive conditions without interference from the state. Time: 1902-1905 Historical Significance: |
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Haymarket Affair |
The aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago. It began as a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight-hour day and in reaction to the killing of several workers the previous day by the police. An unknown person threw a dynamite bomb at police as they acted to disperse the public meeting. The bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; scores of others were wounded. Time: Tuesday May 4, 1886 Historical Significance: The Haymarket Affair was used to paint the labor movement as a dangerous and un-american force prone to violence and controlled by foreign born radicals. |
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Social Darwinism |
The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform. Time: Late 19th and early 20th Century Historical Significance: Even after the depressions of 1870 and 1890 the public view that poor were responsible for their own fate continued. Failure to advance in society indicated lack of character and no sense of self reliance. As such large cities offered almost no public relief. |
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Philippine War |
The war was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution. The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain, ending the Spanish–American War. Time: 1899-1903 Historical Significance: Although one of the least remembered American wars, at the time it was closely followed and widely debated. Racial tensions emerged once again when America acquired the country and the ideas of liberty and freedom did not apply to their new states. |
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Chinese Exclusion Act |
The Chinese Exclusion Act began with just the barring of Chinese women from entering the country. This was stated to keep public health, since most would be prostitutes. Then it barred both women and children from entering the country. 1882 rolled around and congress abrogated the Burlingame Treaty and there came to be a temporary ban on Chinese immigrants overall. |
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Settlement House |
A house devoted to improving the lives of immigrant poor. Time: 1910 Historical Significance: Settlement houses were created by one of the nations most prominent female reformers, Jane Addams. In 1889 she founded a Hull House (settlement house) in Chicago. This was inspired by the Toynbe Wall in London. Settlement house workers would move into poor neighbourhoods and create playgrounds for children, establish employment bureaus and health clinics. By 1910 there were already 400 settlement houses established in major US cities. |
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"American Standard of Living" |
The Progressive era idea that American workers were entitled to a wage high enough to allow them full participation in the nation's mass economy. |
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Eugenics |
Eugenics, the set of beliefs and practices which aims at improving the genetic quality of the human population played a significant role in the history and culture of the United States prior to its involvement in World War II. It was a new science studying alleged mental characteristics of different races and gave an anti immigrant sentiment. Time: 1915's to WW2 Historical Significance: The rise of eugenics gave an anti immigrant air to america. The nationalization of politics and economic life due to progressivism served to heighten the awareness of ethnic and racial differences. Americanization became a huge factor of this period with immigrants requiring to blend into American culture. With President Wilson declaring that some Americans "Born under foreign flags" were guilty of "disloyalty and must absolutely be crushed" the federal and state government demanded immigrants show their unwavering devotion to this country. |
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The Sedition Act |
The Sedition Act made it a crime to make spoken or printed statements that intended to cast "contempt, scorn, or disrepute" on the "form of government" or that advocated interference with the war effort. Time: 1918 Historical Significance: The government charged more than 2,000 people with violating these laws. Over half were convicted. |
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Dawes Act |
Named for senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts. Chair of the senates Indian Affairs Committee. The act breaks up the and of nearly all tribes into small parcels to be distributed to Indian families with the remainder auctioned off to white purchasers. Indians that accepted the farms and adopted the habits of civilized life would become full fledged Americans. Time: 1887 Historical Significance: The policy was a disaster leading to the loss of much tribal land and the erosion of Indian cultural traditions. White benefited enormously. The government made 2 million arces of Indian land available in Oklahoma. 50,000 white settlers poured into the territory to create farms on the single day of April 22 1889. Indians lost 86 million of the 138 million after the passage of this act. |
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Wounded Knee Massarce |
When soldiers opened fire on Ghost Dancers encamped near Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota killing between 150 and 200 Native Americans mostly women and children. Time: December 29, 1890 Historical Significance: Applauded in the American press this event marked the end of four centuries of armed conflict between the native population and european settlers and their decendants. The population of Native Americans had dropped to 250,000 by 1900. |
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New South |
Atlanta editor Henry Grady tirelessly promoted the promise of a New South, an era of prosperity based on industrial expansion and agricultural diversification. Time: 1880's Historical Significance: White planters, merchants, and industrialists all prospered but the region as a whole sank deeper into poverty. (Page 660) |
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Grandfather Clause |
The Grandfather Clause was a statute enacted by many American southern states in the wake of Reconstruction (1865-1877) that allowed potential white voters to circumvent literacy tests, poll taxes, and other tactics designed to disenfranchise southern blacks. It was a clause that exempted from any new voting requirements those who were descendants of people eligible to vote before the Civil War (before blacks could vote). It was so obviously race ruled that the Supreme Court deemed it unconstitutional by the 15th amendment. Time: 1915 Between 1890 and 1906 every southern state enacted a law trying to take the vote away from black citizens. The Grandfather Clause was one of these, there were also literacy tests, poll tax, and requirement of knowledge of state legislature. |
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New Feminism |
A woman's emancipation both as a human being and a sexual being. New feminism attacked traditional rules of sexual behavior and added a new dimension to the idea of personal freedom. Time: Progressive Era |
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Collective Bargaining |
Collective bargaining is the process in which working people, through their unions, negotiate contracts with their employers to determine their terms of employment, including pay, benefits, hours, leave, job health and safety policies, ways to balance work and family and more. Collective bargaining is a way to solve workplace problems. Time: 1896 Historical Significance: After the depression of 1890 the american federation of labor saw it's membership triple to 1.6 million. It sought closer ties to corporate leaders willing to deal with unions to stabilize employee relations. AFL president gompers joined George Perkins and Mark Hanna in the National Civic Federation which accepted collective bargaining. |
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Amalgamated Association |
Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (commonly known as the AA) was an American labor union formed in 1876 to represent iron and steel workers. It partnered with the Steel Workers Organizing Committee and CIO, in November 1935. Time: 1910-1930's |
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Ashcan School |
The Ashcan School, also called the Ash Can School, is defined as a realist artistic movement that came into prominence in the United States during the early twentieth century, best known for works portraying scenes of daily life in New York's poorer neighborhoods. Robert Henri was the lead inspiration for this movement. His work of a gritty New York was something wholly new. Alfred Stieglitz, Geroge Bellow, and John Sloan |
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Essay 1. The idea offreedom has stood as an ideological foundation for the United States, but thenew conditions of the industrial age challenged older ideas of liberty. While consideringthe ideas of the “deserving” and “undeserving” poor in the new city, explainhow social thinkers applied Charles Darwin’s ideas to justify the vastdisparities in wealth and power and to deny government involvement inequalizing opportunity.
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-During the Gilded Age of America the idea of Social Darwinism entered the sphere declaring that evolution was a process both in human society and nature. With this being the case it would upset the balance for the lower class to receive help. The "deserving" were those like widows, orphans, destitute through no fault of their own. The "undeserving" were those who failed to advance in society through their own work (it was a large number of the lot). -Herbert Spencer was an English social philosopher and prime advocate of Darwin`s theories, perhaps doing more than any other figure of his era to gain acceptance for the theory of evolution. Spencer also applied Darwinian theory to human development, arguing that wealth and power were signs of fitness and that mankind benefited from intense competition and removal of the weak and unfit.Spencer was widely popular among American capitalist leaders, but held a much smaller following in his homeland. -William Graham Sumner was a sociologist and political economist who espoused an extreme laissez faire position, arguing that the government had absolutely no role in the economy`s functions. Not only did he argue against antitrust legislation, but also against protective tariffs and government intervention on behalf of management in labor strike situations. To Sumner, the economy was a natural event and needed no guidance in its evolution.In 1907, Sumner published his most influential book, Folkways, in which he argued that customs and mores were the most powerful influences on human behavior, even when irrational. He concluded that all forms of social reform were futile and misguided. -Both of these men, leaders in the social darwinism movement believed government should not interfere with the classes and the equality was not necessary. Spencer through his argument that wealth is fitness therefore those who are not fit should be removed to improve society. Sumner through his idea that the economy was natural refuted the idea that government should interfere at all. He believed that being that this was a natural process interference to help social reforms through this way was unbalancing nature. |
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Essay 2. Write an essay on reform and the city. Your essay should consider the ways in which reform efforts exposed and shaped the experience of the immigrant poor. For whom were reform movements designed to benefit? Why did Progressivism end up being the most influential reform movement and what did it accomplishing?
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-Progressive era reformers such as Jacob Riis used methods of avocation that exposed the experience of the immigrant poor, Riis through photography. His reform efforts were designed to benefit the poor and though privacy was compromised his photographs ended up being a huge influence for tenement reforms. One of his biggest fans Theodore Roosevelt worked with Riis to reenact the Civil Service Law, as well as establishing the Tenement House Committee which created the New York Tenement House Act. Riis's work inspired progressvism reformer Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt along with those of the progressive movement fought to eliminate problems created by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and corruption. They especially focused on political machines. These reformers drew support from both middle class and working class. Laws were passed to protect public health, regulate big business, prohibit monopolies, push for woman's suffrage giving them the right to vote. The reform movement was so successful because it encompassed not only one but a series of reforms benefiting both middle and lower class. |
