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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sexual selection
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a mode of natural selection in which some individuals out-reproduce others of a population because they are better at securing mates
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Struggle for existence
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the automatic competition of members of a natural population for limited vital resources (as food, space, or light) that results in natural selection
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Thomas Robert Malthus
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British scholar from the 1700s/1800s who wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population, which argued that population would outgrow necessary resources and that this would eventually check population growth
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Great chain of being
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concept that details a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by god
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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British scientist known for independently conceiving the idea of evolution through natural selection
working class went to Malaysia idea came to him during malaria-induced fever sent idea to Darwin, who was upset |
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Racial hygiene
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a set of early twentieth century state sanctioned policies by which certain groups of individuals were allowed to procreate and others not, with the expressed
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Invisible clothing
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drawing nude people, usually women, with their bodies shaped as if they were wearing clothing; portraying naked women as if they were wearing clothing to sexualize them
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John Scopes
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Tennessee teacher charged with illegally teaching evolution in Tennessee in the influential Scopes Trial
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Clarence Darrow
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lawyer who supported evolution and represented John Scopes in the Scopes Trial
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William Jennings Bryan
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lawyer who attacked evolution during the Scopes trial and represented the state of Tennessee
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Creationism
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religious belief that life, the Earth, and the universe are the creation of a supernatural being
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Creation Science
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rebranding of creationism that attempts to provide scientific support for Genesis and disprove other generally accepted scientific facts
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Intelligent Design
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rebranding of creationism and creation science, stating that the creation of the universe and life were created by an intelligent cause
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Neocatastrophism
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idea that extinctions are episodic rather than regular, making catastrophism scientific by recognizing their rarity
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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idea that most evolution is gradual and rapid evolutionary change is instigated by rare, often catastrophic, events
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Modern Synthesis
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combination of Darwinian evolution and Mendelian genetics
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Central Dogma
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explanation of genetic information within a biological system: DNA makes RNA makes protein
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Buck vs. Bell
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1927 Supreme Court decision permitting the compulsory sterilization of the unfit
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Ovists
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believe that the egg contains the whole embryo and germ of the future organism
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Spermists
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believe that the sperm contains the whole embryo and germ of the future organism
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James Ussher
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created 4004 BC date of Earth's origin
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Catastrophism
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theory that the Earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope
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Principle of Plentitude
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everything that can happen will happen eventually
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Correlation of Parts
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idea that after inspecting a bone, the rest of the organism can be inferred; all body parts are related and work together
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Primacy of Vital Functions
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in Couvier's work on comparative anatomy, he thought what was really important to an organism was what would really play out (nutrition, etc.), defining characteristic for survival
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Social Darwinism
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application of Darwinism to sociology and politics--superior groups will outcompete the inferior
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Arrivalism
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idea that humans would inevitably evolve, "arrive," where they are today
"Homo erectus: a true man at last" |
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Preadamism
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humans before Adam; part of the racist argument; humans before Adam were nonwhite (black); part of the different species argument
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Epigenetic inheritance
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idea that changes in genetics that are not in the actual DNA sequence are inheritable
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Thomas Henry Huxley
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idea that changes in genetics that are not in the actual DNA sequence are inheritable
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Contingency
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evolution could have played out any way; if we replayed the tape, it would have played out differently; Gould
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Convergence
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no matter what happened, we'd be where we are now
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Jemmy Button
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Fuegian man taken from his home in the 1800s, brought to England to learn Christianity, and returned in hopes of him being able to spread the religion; failed
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Bipedalism
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walking on two legs, defining characteristic of humans
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1933 Sterilization Law
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Nazi law that allowed compulsory sterilization as part of the racial hygiene movement
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Nuremberg Laws
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anti-Semitic Nazi laws that incorporated scientific racism, strictly defining who was Jewish and restricting their powers
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Homology
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trait shared by descent
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Analogy
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trait shared by adaptation
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Conrad Gesner
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founder of modern zoology-greatest naturalist of his century
ranked fossils on scale of how lifelike they looked |
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Tongue stones
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fossils that were incorrectly identified as tongue stones, but were actually shark teeth
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Inheritance of acquired characters
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incorrect idea that characters acquired during an organism's lifetime could be inherited by its offspring
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Watchmaker Analogy
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Paley's argument that design implies a designer
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Erasmus Darwin
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Charles Darwin's grandfather who supported evolution without backing up his claims well
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Francis Galton
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Charles Darwin's cousin who supported eugenics ("nature versus nuture") and was a father of statistics
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Superfecundity
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having more offspring than can possibly survive
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Herbert Spencer
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pre-Darwin supporter of evolution who created the "survival of the fittest" idea
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Natura non facit saltam
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idea that natural things change gradually, not suddenly
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Natural Theology
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theology based on reason and ordinary experience
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Tree Of Life
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concept and metaphor for the relationships between all living things and their common descent
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"Savages"
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unintentionally racist term used by Charles Darwin to describe indigenous people
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Recapitulation
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ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny—is a largely discredited biological hypothesis that in developing from embryo to adult, animals go through stages resembling or representing successive stages in the evolution of their remote ancestors
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Scientific racism
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using (pseudo)science to justify racist beliefs
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Originism
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how we are today isn't fundamentally different from how we started; analog of genetic determinism; we are exactly who we were when we originated and we will always be that; individual level
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Exaptation
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idea that traits can shift functions during evolution
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August Weismann
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German evolutionary biologist who theorized that inheritance only takes place in germ cells
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Trofim Lysenko
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Soviet biologist who rejected Mendelian genetics in favor of hybridization, created pseudoscientific movement
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Correlation of Growth
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things happen to go along with things simply because they happen to go along; for example, chins show up because of jaws; in canines, tameness goes along with flat ears—only a byproduct
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Neolamarckism
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organisms can choose what characteristics will be inherited
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Neodarwinism
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modern synthesis of Darwinian evolution through Mendelian genetics
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Personalized genomic medicine
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medicine designed for the individual to best suit them based on their genetics
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Negative Eugenics
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improvement of the genetic makeup of a population by preventing the reproduction of the obviously unfit
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Positive Eugenics
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encouraging reproduction among the genetically advantaged
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Human-Induced Evolution
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evolution driven by human behavior
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Thomas Burnet
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English theologian
thought religion ignores certain events determined this through using geological events only believed in secondary causes-thought god was more passive 7 phases of the Earth ignored fossil origins believed in a deistic god, not christian |
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William Buckland
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popular English geologist who thought geological history could be explained by reconstructing events from deep time, including biblical accounts
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Robert Chambers
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English evolutionary thinker who released a book giving a scientific explanation for the origins of the universe and life that was so controversial he released it anonymously and his authorship was not recognized until after his death
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Richard Owen
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English comparative anatomist who popularized the idea of living beings being derived from archetypal forms and who alternately denied Darwinian evolution and claimed to have anticipated it
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Iridium
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rare element found abundantly in meteorites, used to help explain the K-T extinction of dinosaurs and many other species 66 MA
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Sixth Mass Extinction
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proposed name to describe mass extinctions within the past 10000 years, largely caused by humans
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Multiple Inheritance Systems
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idea that there are multiple ways of passing on characteristics (genetics, epigenetics, behavioral, symbol-based)
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Robert Fitzroy
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captain of the HMS Beagle while Charles Darwin was on it
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Segregation of the Germ Plasm (or Germline)
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Divergence of Character
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over time, species get increasingly different
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Undulating Women
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women are traditionally portrayed to be made out of viscous material
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The "Unequal Eye"
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god sees everything with an equal eye (O'Hara); humans fundamentally incapable as seeing everything at once all together—we should be worried about our partiality
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Megatherium
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extinct massive Central and South American sloths
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Luis and Walter Alvarez
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theorized the meteorite impact that caused the K-T extinction
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Butler Act
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a 1925 Tennessee law prohibiting public school teachers from denying the Biblical account of man's origin
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Replaying Life's Tape
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idea that if life was repeated, it would take a different path because of contingency
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Achulean Hand Axe
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used to date human intelligence
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Encephalization
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the amount of brain mass exceeding that related to an animal's total body mass
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Quadrumana
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originally bimana—two-handed and four-handed lineages; black people descended from quadrumana; either all or some races descended from; no longer used category to distinguish apes
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Lord Kelvin
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how old could the Earth be? (wrong because he didn't understand the radiation inside of the Earth)
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Deep Time
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concept of geologic time
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Behavioral Inheritance
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social transmission of information
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Symbolic Inheritance
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idea that humans are unique because they acquire understanding of symbols
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Gregor Mendel
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German monk who discovered principles of genetics and inheritance through experiments with pea plants
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Astrobiology
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the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe: extraterrestrial life and life on Earth
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Tierra del Fuego
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archipelago off the tip of South America where Darwin stopped along his travels
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Darwinizing
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about Erasmus Darwin (who wrote a poem about evolution without deeper explanation); the activity of making up crazy ideas about the history of the Earth
91. Ernst Haeckel’s trees- actually trees, with humans on top |
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Ernst Haeckel's Trees
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actually trees, with humans on top
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Irreducible Complexity
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argument by proponents of intelligent design that certain biological systems are too complex to have evolved from simpler, or "less complete" predecessors, through natural selection acting upon a series of advantageous naturally occurring, chance mutations
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Secondary Causes
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a secondary cause is one created by another and is capable of creating future events
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Natural Selection
(in particular the required conditions as defined by Darwin) |
the gradual, non-random process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of differential reproduction of their bearers
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