Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why did the US government decide to move Indians to reservations?
|
-European powers were expanding
-Americans stressed how they were different from Europeans -imperialism and colonialism -decimation of the bison herds -chicanery and conquest |
|
Why did the Plains Indians sign the Treaty of Fort Laramie?
|
-ceded a wide amount of Indian land to allow passage of wagon trains headed west.
-In return government promised that the rest of the Indian land would remain inviolated -they hope to preserve their culture |
|
What was the outcome for Indians as a result of being settled on reservations?
|
-poverty and starvation
-were dependent on government handouts and the assistance of Indian agents who, "did nothing but fill their pockets" -Indians were ruled by outside bureaucrats -their culture was assaulted, religion out lawed, children sent away to school, all in the name of progress and civilization |
|
What caused the decimation of buffalo herds on the Great Plains?
|
-environmental and human factors
-fires, droughts, blizzards -Indian buffalo robe traders(slaughtering), whites, and their cattle -industrial expansion -transcontinental rail system out the range into two herds - |
|
How had the population of Native Americans changed by the end out the 1880's?
|
-250,000 left from the 15 million original
|
|
what was the outcome of the 1887 Dawes Act?
|
-reduced Indian land from 138 million acres to 48 million
-dealt a crippling blow to traditional tribal culture |
|
Why did the US army slaughter unarmed Sioux at Wounded Knee in1890?
|
-Sitting bull was killed
-his people fled the scene and were apprehended by police -Indians laid down their weapons -soldiers took weapons from a Deaf Indian, but the gun went off, then soldiers opened fire |
|
What was the Comstock Lode?
|
-named from Henry Comstock
-richest vein of silver in Nevada -first major discovery of silver in the US |
|
What was the easiest way to accrue wealth in the silver mining industry
|
-sell claims of land
-form minion companies and sell shares of stocks |
|
What was the most prevalent ethnic group working in the western mines?
|
-Irish immigrants
|
|
What effect did labor unions have in the western mining union?
|
-held considerable bargaining power
|
|
After 1875, what characterized the lives on women in Virginia City Nevada?
|
-women made ip 30% of the population
-75% were house keepers -some had multiple jobs |
|
What was the purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?
|
-Whites were excluding Chinese immigrants and setting order for further immigrants
-the Chinese were thought to have brought the min. wage down |
|
What were the provisions of the 1862 Homestead Act?
|
-promised 160 acres free to any citizen or prospective citizen, male or female, who settled on the land for 5 years
|
|
How did the landscape of the trans-mississippi west change during the latter part of the 19th century?
|
-transcontinental railroads opened up
-large commercial farms -corporate consolidation in mining, ranching, and agriculture |
|
How did the Federal and State government encourage railroad construction?
|
-land grants
|
|
How did barbed ware change the cattle industry?
|
-halted free range cattle leaving many cattle dead and many people displaced of jobs
|
|
What caused growth in the agricultural sector of the economy during the latter part of the 19th century?
|
-fever for fertile land ( Indian Territory opened)
-cattle |
|
How was the presence of African American cowboys in the west represented in the popular fiction of the time?
|
-they ignored the presence of blacks and portrayed them as white men
|
|
Which big business dominated American life in the second half of the 19th century?
|
-industrialism
|
|
What was the purpose of Vertical integration of business?
|
-cutting costs by cutting out the middle man
-there was never a price, profit, or royalty paid to an outsider |
|
How did journalist Ida Tarbal characterize industrials John Rockefeller?
|
-Heartless monopoly
-he used methods to take over the oil industry -she had a very harsh view of him |
|
What was revolutionary about Alexander Graham Bell's telephone?
|
-Americans could communicate locally and across the country
-connected both parties immediately and privately -boom in business, contributing to speed and efficiency |
|
Why did J.P. Morgan issue watered stock
|
-to keep investors happy and guarantee profits from sale of stock
-issued more shares than the asset of the company warranted |
|
What does the term oligopoly mean?
|
-several companies control production
-small manufactures followed the lead of US steel in setting prices and dividing the market so each company held a comfortable share -did not eliminate competition, it blunt it |
|
Why was the theory of Laissez-faire gaining acceptance in the late 19th century?
|
-french for "let it alone"
-govt. shouldn't meddle in economic affairs except to protect private property -they wanted to protect businesses from taxation, labor organization, and anti-trust legislation |
|
How as big business aided by the Supreme court's interrelation of the 14th amendment?
|
-intended to protect free slaves, the state laws violating their rights to protect corporations
-corporations= "persons" -no state can "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, w/o due process of law" -legislation deprived corporations of "due process" |
|
What explains high voter turnout in the Gilded age
|
-Patronage provided an economic incentive for voter participation
-ethnicity, religion, sectional loyalty, race, and gender |
|
What did the advocated of a "New South" in the years after Reconstruction hope to achieve?
|
-cheap labor and abundant natural resources
-compete with Northern industries -they wanted money and peer like the north |
|
-What reform movements allowed women to have indirect political influences during the late 19th century?
|
-National woman's suffrage association
-general aeration of women's club -temperance movement (to end drunkenness) |
|
Why did those seeking a govt. job worry about passing a qualifying examination?
|
-made it impossible to remove job holders from contributing in political campaigns, drying up major sources of the party bosses revenue
|
|
What job protection for federal workers was put into place by the 1883 Pendleton Act?
|
-civil service
-set qualifications for US govt. jobs and sought to remove such jobs from political influence |
|
How did president Garfield's assassination aid the cause of civil service reform?
|
-the people realized that Republicans created a political climate that produced Guiteau and lead to the second assassination in decades
-he wanted to end the spoils system |
|
What scandal surrounded Grover Cleveland in the president election of 1884?
|
-he fathered an illegitimate child in an affair with a local widow
|
|
What issues overshadowed presidents in the late 19th century?
|
-high tariff
-raise the price of imported goods and stimulate American industry |
|
What groups were the most enthusiastic supporters of tariffs?
|
-Republicans
-billion dollar congress |
|
How did the debate over tariffs divide the nation? Who tended to support protective tariffs?
|
-southerners and midwesterners didn't like
-industrialists opposed lowering it -it made the poor poorer and the rich richer |
|
Why did tariffs pose a threat to the nations prosperity by the 1880's
|
-it created a surplus that was not used to produce goods and services
|
|
What was the purpose and effect of the Interstate Commerce Commission?
|
-1st federal law regulating the rail roads
-the willingness to use federal measures to intervene in big business on behalf of the public interest |
|
What were arguments for and against bimetallism during the Gilded Age?
|
-bimetallism=the minting of silver and gold coins
-Rep. congress favored gold, voted to stop buying and minting silver , which was an act silver supporters denounced as the crime of '73 |
|
On what basis did the green back labor party want the govt. to issue paper currency
|
-not tied to the gold supply
-be based on wealth, land, labor, and capital, not reserves of gold |
|
What was the symbolic importance of the Brooklyn Bridge? (completed 1883)
|
-Industrial might of the US
-labor of the nation's immigrants -ingenuity and genius of its engineers and inventors -the rise of iron and steel -ascendancy of urban America |
|
What caused urban population to increase rapidly in the late 19th century?
|
-NY, Chicago, and Phili the most
-patterns of global migration |
|
What enables US industrialists to hire cheap labor from around the world in the 1870's?
|
-railroad expansion, low steamboat fares gave people mobility
|
|
What characterized the life of newly arrived immigrants in the US?
|
-general city dwellers and too poor to move on
-some stayed but some worked for a season and then returned home |
|
Why did southern blacks migrate to northern cities in the 1890's?
|
-economic opportunity
-escape from institutionalized segregation and persecution |
|
Why did congress enact a literacy test for immigrants in 1896?
|
-Congress knew the majority could neither read nor write
-they viewed the immigrants as undesirable and thought they brought down wages |
|
What did Jacob Riis hope to accomplish by publishing "How the other half lives"?
|
-open the nation's eyes to conditions in the cities slums
|
|
How did technological advances and mechanization limit the controls of skilled workers on shop floors?
|
-breaking down skilled work into smaller tasks that could b performed by unskilled factory operatives
|
|
Did skilled craftsman have an advantage over unskilled workers when it came to ensuring financial security?
|
-no
-some work was seasonal -2 major economic depressions happened -there was no un-employment insurance or retirement |
|
How did business factors create the new class of white male salaried managers during the Gilded Age?
|
expansion and consolidation
-offices and sotres -corporate development separated management from ownership |
|
What group of workers were most impacted by the new business office that included typewriters and adding machines?
|
-literate, middle class, white women
|
|
How did the Great Railroad strike of 1877 begin?
|
-industrial workers were losing ground in the workplace
-the depression left many w/o work -man replaced by machine |
|
What were the goals of Samuel Gompers and his American Federation of Labor?
|
-"pure and simple" unionism
-coordinated the activities of craft unions throughout the US -organize skilled workers and use strikes to gain immediate objectives (higher pay and better working conditions) |
|
What reform were advocated by the Knight of Labor?
|
-8 hour workday
-end to child labor -equal pay for equal work -graduated income tax |
|
Who organized and who attened the Haymarket gathering in Chicago in 1886?
|
-strikers
-Spies and Parson |
|
What culture ideology guided the lives of middle-class American women throughout much of the 19th century?
|
-cult of domesticity
-women's role in the home |
|
What shifts took place in working class courtship rituals in urban American during the Gilded Age?
|
-young working women no longer met prospective husbands, only through family
-these women couldn't afford much so they were "treated" by men in exchange for sexual favors -soon respectability and promiscuity became an issue |
|
What were two elements about public education in American cities that made that institution remarkable?
|
-free secondary school education for all who wined to attend
-free public library system |
|
What was the function of a "city boss" from the 1870's to 1900?
|
-building of the city and provided needed social services for new residents
-muscle of the city |
|
What even happened at the "white city" in Chicago?
|
-Worlds columbian Exposition
-the grandest world's fair in the nations history |