History 1301-2200

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The New World before 1492

The First Known Americans

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• Ancient Migrations; At least two other groups stumbled on these lands before Columbus. Sometime b/w 400000 BCE and 12000 BCE people from NE Asia reached the “New World” from across the Pacific and quickly spread across the vast new territory. We call their descendants Indians, though many prefer the name Native Americans – they were mainly Hunter/Gatherer type people.
• Clovis Hunters; identify them by their Clovis heads, or “spear tips”

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Development of Civilizations

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• Domestication of Plants and Animals; gave them steady supply of food, domestication of corn let to many other things, such as, large group of people could stay in one place or particular area.
• Complex Societies

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Great Civilizations

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• Mayans; creators of one of these Indian societies, built great ceremonial and administrative cities in the dense rain forests of Yucatan and Central South America. Socity was composed of man y separate urban centers, each independent and goverened by a groupe of priests. Also developed a bculture of gtreat sophistaiction: The, Mayans alone amohn the American Indian epoples had a written lan guage and books, and their mehematicians adopted thed diea of zero as a number place long before Europeans did.
• Aztecs; north of the Mayan in central Mexxico, more arlike people than the Mayans. Settled there in about 1300 CE, led by powerful rulers, the Aztecs conquired virtually all their enighbors, creating a great empire of more tha 5 millitan inhabitants, rulers took thousands of prisoners and enormouse quantities of booty – prisoners would have their hearst cut out in elaborate public ceremonies to appease the Aztec war god.

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North America
I

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ndian civilizations were less comples, smaller scale cutlrues and sociesties. By 1492, there was a substantial population, perhaps as many as 7 milliman people, in what is now the US and Canada.
• Mississippi Mound Builders; all things built out of mounds, dirt, or wood. No stone! Located near St. Louis , MS, linked by trade and just more of the trade network. Decline after 1500, same issues as the Mayan’s like disease, infgting, etc. Diseases would get to the area before the settlers would, and this killed the indians in great numbers.
• Anasazi; 700-1300, located in soutwest New Mexico, cliff dwellings at Mesa Verde, they developed an irrgtaion ssystem that brought water down from the Rocky Mountains. They had population issues.

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Europe before 1492

Vikings

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• Bjarni Herjulfsson; 986 AD, Norwegian merchant gets blown off course, is the first Europenan to sight the Americas, never gets out of boat, just sees the land and then returns with the stories.
• Vinland and Leif Ericsson; 1000 C, son of Eric the Red, led expediction, landed in Canada and called it Vinland.

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Medieval Europe

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• Post-Roman Decline; Europe is split, really all just independent noble areas; they used the “feudalism” system.
• Revival of Trade and Commerce
o Silk Road; ran through much of Asia, located in the Mongol Empire which was ruled by Genghis Khan in 1300
o Marco Polo; 1271, travels to China, then writes about it, and talks about all the things that are traded, etc.
• Emergence of Nation States; by the 1400’s, revival of trade lead to the emergent of trade states (group of people organized into a state) Nation State.
• Technological Advancements; they could figure out latitude, had the compass, and there was the printing press.
• Black Plague and the Silk Road in Decline; started in China and travels down the Silk Road, 1347, 1/3 of Europe dies in the span of 5 years.

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Early European Exploration and Expansion

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• Portugal
o Bartolomeu Diaz; 1488, rounds Africa’s Cape of Good Hope for the Portuguese crown.
o Vasco da Gama; 1498, Portuguese navigator, becomes the first European to reach India by sea around Africa.
• Spain
o Reconquista, war b/w Christian Spain and Islamic Africa, Granada was the last stronghold of the Islamic, taken over by Spain, who filed right into the space.
o Christopher Columbus; 1492, lands in San Salvador in the Bahamas; before he got support from Spain, he had gone to England, France, etc. trying to finance the trip, but nobody was in a position to really do anything even if they wanted to, there were a total of 3 ships that sailed out from Spain, they were still sailing after 10 weeks.

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European Exploration and Colonization, 1492-1600
A. Spain’s Competition

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• Portugal and the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494); Portugal was afraid that Spain was going to try and muscle in on their established trade route and network, so they go to the Pope who draws a line separating everything to the west for Spain and everything East for Portugal (Basically only got Brazil)
• England and John Cabot; England sends explorer over to see what is over there; Cabot sails to New Foundland and down the coast.
• France and Jacques Cartier; France sends two, first is GdV, and the second is Cartier, they are looking for the Northwest Passage that will take the around the continent, which they never find but make claims on the lands as they conduct this search.

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Building an Empire for Spain

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• Caribbean
o Encomienda and Repartimiento; system of land organization, land is owned by the King, who divides it up and give it to the ecomiendos. Repartimiento system part is forced labor; native population get puts to work.
o Indians and Africans; Indians worked, those that didn’t were killed, a lot of them died from disease, and they needed people to work, which is where the Africans came into play. They imported them, purchasing them, then owned them and traded them as slaves.
• Ferdinand Magellan; sailing south, in Nov. 1520, Magellan discovered the stormy strait at the southern tip of South America that bears his name, sailed through it and launched his small fleet onto the vast Pacific. Months later, after harrowing experiences with hunger, scurvy, and thirst, he arrived in the Philippines, off the Asian mainland. There he was killed in a skirmish with the natives.
• Hernán Cortéz and Moctezuma II; was an Encomiendo, decided to explore the mainland, took 700 men, some women, and translators, left outta Cuba, realized that the native language was different then what the translators spoke, Geronimo Aguilar saw them and jumped in their ship, had been shipwrecked for 8 years. they arrived in Vera Cruz, did a little fighting, Marina Cortez was a woman that they got after conquering a native group, the became translator, basically conquer the Aztec people with the help of other natives that did not like them, then he was betrayed by Aguilar, had to leave the city and then returned with ships to fight them again.

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Why were Europeans interested in exploring the outside world in the 14th and 15th centuries?

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Silk Road decline, due to the bubonic plague, and they wanted to do what the Portuguese did in terms of trade and get wealthy too.

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Why were the Spanish so successful in their conquest of the Native American civilizations of the New World?

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Talk about Cortez, conquering the Aztec, as a Encomiendo, then mention biology, technology and the alliances made with natives to help fight other natives.

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How important was the colonial fur trade, and how did it shape the English relationship with the Native Americans and the French?

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It’s the only thing the French do, idea of competition, Natives have the furs, which the English and French start to trade for, when it was just the French in the beginning, of course then a conflict breaks out between the English and the French.

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Why did so many people immigrate to the English colonies in America?

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It’s the idea of push/pull, cheap land, high wages through mercantilism, religious freedoms, specify English colonies.

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How and why did British Imperial policies change after 1763?

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The Tories defeat the wigs, and the PM agrees with the new King, Charles III, they need to get more out of the colonies, this is all due to the fact that they have a lot more defense costs after winning a lot of land from French, since the colonies no longer really need defense, they are upset about all the taxes being imposed, the Proclamation is the first policy which has to do with land, drawing a line down the Appalachian Mountains, and says everything East of the line is now royal territory, other things like the Sugar Act, Currency Act, Quartering and Mutiny Act, but it’s the Stamp Act that really gets them because now they will have to pay a tax to England on any document (marriage license, playing cards, etc.) when they use to handle that kind of thing in their own legislature.

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Compare Spanish colonization in North America with that of the English.

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One of the main differences was how they dealt with the natives, Spanish absorbed them, while the colonies were just pushing them out of areas, Spanish were looking for gold/silver, and the colonies were trying to set up some sort of product trade. English didn’t have missions, like the Spain did, which were also used to really push out borders and increase their territories.