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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Council of the Indies
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When Charles V would inherit the Spanish throne, he would also acquire the vast new world within his Spanish Empire. The authority to govern this part of his empire was given a single board in 1524; the Counsel of the Indies. This council would overlook every part of governance in the Americas, typically reaching agreement by submitting unanimous recommendations for the king's review. Because of the great distance between Iberia and the new world, viceroys were appointed to carry out the king’s orders in the Americas and they had to make decisions in the king’s best interests.
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Henry the Navigator
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was a Portuguese prince who would not likely inherit to the throne so he would occupy his time by organizing maritime expeditions along the west coast of Africa around 1418. Henry the Navigator would establish a maritime college in Portugal to teach Europeans to sail. He acquired knowledge from many sources and developed new technologies for better sailing in the harsh conditions of the Atlantic. His explorations and influence would lead to the spread of Catholicism, the exploitation of natural resources in Africa, establishment of commercial ties and ultimately an alternative trading route to the east.
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Ferdinand Magellan
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was a Portuguese mariner sailing for Spain. In 1519 he set out to do what Columbus had intended; to find a western trade route to Asia. He set out with five ships crewed by 280 men. They would find a passage into the Pacific near the southern tip of South America. He and his crew would eventually reach the Philippines and claim it for Spain, naming the islands after Philip II. Magellan and many of his crew would be killed assisting in a local conflict in the Philippines. Three years after his departure, one of his ships with 18 men would complete the first circumnavigation of the world. Spain would then determine that western trade route to Asia was not in their best interests.
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Columbian Exchange
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was a widespread exchange of goods in the mid 1500’s between the old world and the new. These goods primarily consisted of crops and domesticated farming animals but would also include culture, ideas, religion and technology. The Americas would benefit from domesticated animals in the way of transportation, labor and food. The European population would begin to bolster with the aid of new world crops that added nutrients to both their diets and soils. This would help create surpluses of food and would help bring food costs down. However, this exchange would also share disease; mostly affected the Amerinds, whose populations would be strikingly reduced. Forced labor would initially plague the Amerid population as well but would help enrich Spain.
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Martin Luther
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was a devout catholic priest living in the Wittenberg, Saxony and taught theology. He became increasingly upset with the corruption of the Catholic Church because he believed that the will of God could be found in the pages of the bible alone and that salvation was an achievement through faith. He became outraged when indulgences began to be sold in his hometown; Luther would then issue his Ninety Five Theses challenging the church on what he saw unfit about its practices. His Ninety Five Theses would become widely circulated and would help gain the backing of many powerful nobles. In 1521 at the Diet of Worms, Luther was given the opportunity to repent to the church but would not. His life would be spared largely due to the workings of the nobles who supported him. Luther, later, translated the bible into German so the common people could read it for themselves and he began a wave of religious reform that would greatly impact Europe.
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Henry VIII
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Was a king of England during the 16th century. He was favored by the pope and demonstrated his strong Catholic beliefs by issuing his Defense of the Seven Sacraments against Martin Luther. However, in his efforts to produce a legitimate male heir, he would turn his back on Catholicism and inadvertently aid the protestant movement in England. Henry wished to remarry, as his mistress was thought to be baring a boy and his wife had not produced one. The pope would not grant his divorce as his current wife was the aunt to the powerful Charles V, who's armies occupied Rome. By the advice of his council, many of whom were influenced by the protestant ideas, Henry would establish his own Anglican Church in 1533which put him at the head, opposed to the pope; thus granting himself the power to annul his own marriage. The Anglican Church , at first, only varied from the Catholic Church by leadership, not practice.
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John Calvin
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In the wake of Martin Luther, many other protestant reformist would present their views, and among the most influential was John Calvin; a 16th century French Theologian. He believed the Roman Church was an evil institution that needed destroyed but he and his followers, adhered to strict purist practices and preached predestination. Calvin flee from French religious oppression to Switzerland and would turn Geneva into the center for the protestant world.
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Peace of Augsburg
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The protestant movement gained momentum in the Holy Roman Empire and began to divide people between their religious views. In effort to maintain peace in the region and keep nobles on his side, Charles V issued the Peach of Augsburg in 1555. This declared that each ruler within the Holy Roman Empire would choose which religion would be upheld in their own providence. This ensured peace by granting religious tolerance and ensured noble support by leaving the nobles with deciding power over the matter.
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Thirty Years’ War
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would be a calamitous conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire when Emperor Ferdinand II did not adhere to the Peace of Augsburg and demanded previously owned Catholics lands back from the Protestants. This religious conflict would soon draw every major European country into combat against one another; many with alternative motives and many switching sides. The war devastated the Holy Roman Empire as civilians were at the mercy of the warring nations. The war finally ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 with no real resolution to the initial conflict. However, France and Spain continued to war with one another for an additional eleven years. This marked the last war fought over religion in Europe, as the combatants would realize that faith and convictions could not be forced.
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Samurai
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were the warrior class in 16th century Japan. The Samurai could be compared to the medieval knights in Europe who adhered to the chivalry code. Samurai, however, had a much stricter warrior code called bushido, or "the way of the warrior". Samurais were loyal to their daimyo, the wealthy land owners, who would in turn answer to the shoguns, who served the emperor.
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Toyotomi Hideyoshi
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was the son of a peasant solder who would come to commander of the Japanese army. He gained himself class and status through his military skill. He would complete the unification Japan in 1590 after Oda’s death and would become the master of the country, although, under official title, he served the emperor. He would then take ambitious moves to conquer China but would meet stiff resistance upon his invasion of Korea from Korean turtle ships and the Chinese army.
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Zheng He
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was a Muslim whose family was conquered by Ming China. He would be sent to the palace to be a companion for Emperor Yongle in his childhood. Yongle, in the 1405, commissioned Zheng He to explore the known world and placed him in charge of the navy and their expeditions. He sailed massive fleets consisting of huge ships across the Indian Ocean to create tributary relationships, to demonstrate power, and forced trade agreements for China. Although we knew he was not a great sailor, he had great leadership skills and placed great sailors under his command. After his death, no one would follow suit as new Ming leaders saw no real benefit in international trade because they did not come across any goods that they felt China could not producing superiorly.
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Manchu
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When rebellion in China broke out and Beijing was captured in 1644, a Ming general requested the aid of the Manchus in the north. The Manchu army expelled the rebels but instead of restoring the Ming, they took China for themselves, establishing the Qing dynasty. The Manchus admired Chinese culture but still viewed them as the conquered. They made great territorial expansions, ruled tolerantly, reinforced Chinese cultural superiority, but did force dress codes on the Chinese and forbade intermarriage.
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Wahhabism
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is an Islamic puritanical movement that took root in the mid 1700’s. It saw the weakening of Islamic states, most notably the Ottoman Empire, as their neglect to adhere to strict observance of the teachings of the prophet Muhammad. It was preached by al Wahhab who denounced idolatry, Sufi mysticism, pilgrimages, and the ruling legitimacy of the sultans. He believed that every Muslim should learn, obey and follow the Quran, rather than relying on religious authorities to teach or enforce it.
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Shah Abbas
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ruled the Safavid Empire in Persia in the late 1500’s. He a kind and generous ruler. He saw a value in trade and bent rules for merchant travel. He established a new, magnificent capital at Isfahan, more inland from the Ottoman Empire to the west, and he would modernized his armies. He enjoyed philosophical discussions in his court and was cunning in his efforts to turn Europeans powers agaist one another to deflate their influence in the region.
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Middle Passage
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The middle passage refers to the Atlantic crossing from Africa to the Americas as the second part of a triangular Atlantic trade network in which manufactured goods from Europe would be traded in Africa for slaves. Slaves would then be traded for raw materials in the Americas that would be shipped back to Europe to produce manufactured goods.
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Songhai Empire
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began with the conquest of the Mali kingdom of western Africa in the 1400’s. This empire extended from the Niger River region to Lake Chad and included extensive gold and salt mines. It was West Africa’s largest, wealthiest and mightiest state with a strong army, stable institutions, cosmopolitan society and flourishing trade. The Empire would begin to decline as trade steadily shifted from the Sahara Desert to Africa’s west coast, their mines and rivers drying out, and succession crises causing civil war which Morocco would take advantage of and invaded with Spanish and Portuguese mercenaries in 1591.
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Swahili
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Swahili culture is the product of the history of African Great Lakes region that has been influenced by Middle Eastern, Indian, Persian and Portuguese cultures. Highly successful Persian and Arab merchants and explorers created settlements on the African east coast and nearby islands and mixed with the local Bantu people. This culture was further enriched with the influence from the Far East and from Europe as a consequence to long distance Indian Ocean trading routes. The Swahili Coast would give rise to several Muslim city states that competed for the best trade business in the region. Their main exports included slaves, ebony, gold, ivory and sandalwood. The culture was dominated by strict class structures with the elite identifying themselves as Arab/African to distinguish themselves from the purely Bantu population.
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Isaac Newton
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was a 17th century English physicist and mathematician who made break through discoveries in his work on optics and light. He also worked off the theories of Galileo and others to depict the universe as a mechanism operating in accordance to mathematical laws through his studies on physics. He created calculus and would defined the force of gravity, and helped establish the idea of deism.
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Galileo
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was a 17th century Italian engineer who made strides to confirm the Copernican hypothesis of a heliocentric universe. He invented the pendulum and astronomical telescopes to improve his measurements and observations. He fond that other planets had moons and these planets rotated on their own axes, which led to his conclusion that the earth was also moving. With his new theories of the heavenly body, Galileo would upset the Catholic Church and was tried for heresy. He would spend the rest of his life under house arrest so he could not publish anymore of his works.
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Decline of the Mughal Empire |
A series of oppressive leaders would drain the treasury putting down revolts followed by succession rivalries. Taxation authority would be distributed which led the empire to dissolve into independent states followed by the Persian sack of Dehli.
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Decline of the Safavid Empire
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Shah Abbas' successors would centralized the government leading to increased corruption and neglect for maintaining the defense and the infrastructure on local levels. Confining heirs would become normal practice which led to incompetent rulers. Civil unrest would encourage boarding states to attack.
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Decline of the Safavid Empire
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Shah Abbas' successors would centralized the government leading to increased corruption and neglect for maintaining the defense and the infrastructure on local levels. Confining heirs would become normal practice which led to incompetent rulers. Civil unrest would encourage boarding states to attack.
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Decline of the Ottoman Empire
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Loss of revenue from European intrusion in the Indian Ocean trade would be made up by plundering newly conquered territories. This expansion would be put to a halt at Vienna by a Christian coalition led by the Polish king. The Ottomans would soon find themselves of the defensive. They would compete vigorously for Indian Ocean trade but would be pushed out but English and Dutch technology superiority. Ottomans would practice secluding their heirs, producing incompetent leadership and a breakdown of army discipline.
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