History 11B Final - Remaking China

Front 1

Hu shi

Back 1

BG:
-philosopher, writer, and leading figure in the New Culture Movement
-together when Chen Duxiu helps to launch the literary revolution in 1917
-studies at Columbia and Cornell
-leading advocate of liberalism in China
-splits with the more radical wing of MayFourth/NewCulture intellectuals
-later serves as the Guomingdang’s ambassador to the US from 1938-1942
-chooses to leave for Taiwan in 1949

Sig.:
Opens up writing and reading to many more people – now not only the elite could study the literature, everyone could

Front 2

Lu Xun (1881-1936)

Back 2

BG:
-1902 Lu had gone to Japan to study medicine after traditional doctors had failed to cure his father of tuberculosis
-He gave up medicine after watching a newsreel of Russo-Japanese War that showed a group of Chinese being accused of spying for the Russians
-concluded that it was more important to change the spirit of Chinese than protect their bodies
- May 1918 started writing for New Youth Journal and published “Diary of a Madman”

Sig.:
-Lu Xun gave voice to those troubled by the prospects and weary of china’s old order but wary of promises of easy solutions
-believed that children were hope for the future
-stresses how Chinese traditions are the source of its weakness

Front 3

Kong Yiji

Back 3

BG:
-From Lu Xun's writings
Example of the traditional chinese writing and failure of non-exam passing scholars

Sig.:
Showed the depravity and corruption of the exam and scholar system - people who couldn't pass the exam have nothing to live for
Show the divide and craziness of still using traditional language vs. colloquial language
Sad life of the poorer class
Lack of care of the people for one another
Their eyes were closed to the need to change and help the lower class

Front 4

New Youth Journal

Back 4

BG:
Students/ universities
Heads of top universities advocate changes through writings and journals
Writing in the common people’s terms

Sig.:
- stirring up of ideas
- movement away from the traditional values/ classical Chinese
-increase in use of print in moving political agendas and ideas
- huge use for the movement of revolution

Front 5

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)

Back 5

BG:
- military and political leader of the Guomingdang following the death of Sun Yatsen
-joined the Tongmenghui as a student in Japan prior to 1911 Revolution
-studies military traning in the Soviet Union in 1923
-later named leader of the Whampoa Academy
-launches the Northern Expedition to rid China of warlord control in 1926
-by 1928 sets up a new political regime with its capital at Nanjing
-following the defeat in the civil war with the CCP in 1949 retreats to Taiwan
-remains leader of the Guomingdang on Taiwan until his death in 1975

Sig.:
- he becomes a public figure that noone else can imitate because of the command he has over nationalist troops

Front 6

Whampoa Military Academy

Back 6

BG:
- military training academy founded near Guangzhou in 1924 by SunYatsen
-trains officers for the Guomingdang
-many of the important military and political figures of both the GMD and CCP camps were trained at this academy
-most of the cadets trained at this academy remained fiercly loyal to Chiang Kai-shek and greatly expanded his power base

Sig.:
- reliance on foreign ideas to modernize and create a more effective army
-an effort to strengthen China in order to 'save' it from Japanese threat?

Front 7

First United Front (1923-1927)

Back 7

BG:
-Beginning of Nationalist movement
--CCP believed in first uniting China, then pressing on with communist agenda

Sig.:
- China's desire to come together as one nation against foreign affairs

Front 8

Mao Zedong(1839-1976)

Back 8

BG:
-son of a rich peasant from Hunan
-became an early member of the CCP under the influence of Li Daozhao
-worked at the Library at Peking University
-after 1927, he advocated a peasant line of revolution
-rose to leadership in the party in the 1930s during the formative experience of the Long March
-established the People's Republic of China in 1949
-the supreme political leader in China until his death in 1976

Sig.:
-Marxism-Leninism ideas
-focus on agrarian support
-support of the common people gives him power

Front 9

Eighth Route Army

Back 9

BG:
-Larger part of the Red Army controlled by the Communist party
-operates out of Yan'an

Sig.:
-larger than the nationalist army
- Showed increase power in Communist armies

Front 10

Second United Front(1937-1945)

Back 10

BG:
-After Xi'an incident (kidnapping of Chiang Kai-shek to cause cooperation)
-GMD and CCP come together to fight the Japanese

Sig.:
-leadership of the nationalist becoming unstable
-shift towards CCP
-ideas of Chinese people how they wanted to defeat Japanese
-anti-japanese sentiment unites China

Front 11

Manchuria Incident

Back 11

BG:
-Creation of Manchuko - puppet government set up by the Japanese in Manchuria
- All anti-Japanese sentiments are killed off
- Japan infiltrates China through Manchuria and the Chinese people retreat and do nothing, some blamed Jian Shiliang some blamed Chang Kai Shek

Sig.;
- shows the falling apart of the nation - many are angry/fighting each other
-ushers in the time of the Japanese rule and the Chinese scramble to stay together
-Brings together the CCP and GMD towards a single goal of ridding China of Japan

Front 12

Xi’an Incident

Back 12

BG:
- in December 1936 Chiang Kai-Shek was kidnapped by warlord and chief ally ZhangXueliang and forced into cooperating with the CCP in a Second United Front to fight against Japan

Sig.:
-Bringing together of the CCP and the GMD to fight against the Japanese
- Showed the different view between the CCP and the GMD
GMD cared more about internal affairs while the CCP cared more about getting rid of Japan
-Even after this event, Chiang Kai-Shek was still staunch about riding of the communists

Front 13

February 28th Incident (1947)

Back 13

BG:
Taipei, Taiwan - GMD policeman strikes a woman illegally selling cigarrets
Someone gets shot and protests begin
Taiwan call for grievances against GMD leader Chen Yi
Chen Yi violently suppresses protests - kills a whole generation of Taiwanese leaders
Taiwanese knew more Japanese and Taiwanese- Taiwanese elite loose position and are looked down on because they have poor Mandarin

Sig.:
Split between mainland China and Taiwan
Conflict that continues today with Taiwan being a renegade island
Resentment of mainland China and idea of wanting to regain land by the mainland