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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Robert Smalls
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-won public office in South Carolina postbellum
-took control of the Planter and surrendered it to the Union navy blockade to gain freedom -served in the S.C. constitutional convention, the state legislature, and the U.S. Congress *most famous and widely respected southern black leader of the era |
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President vs. Congress during Civil War and postbellum
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-American policymakers didn't know what to do about the freed slaves' rights
-led to a major political crisis between the President and Congress -White House/Advocates wanted a minimal approach that gave no protection but prohibited slavery -Congress/Proponents wanted a more radical policy -absence of Constitutional guidance |
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Lincoln
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-Primary Objective during Wartime Reconstruction was hold the union together by winning
-used presidential use of executive order -Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction -Ten Percent Plan |
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Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
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-offered a full pardon to all southerns except certain confederate leaders
-take an oath of allegiance to the Union and accept emancipation -Ten Percent Plan |
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Ten Percent Plan
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-part of the Proclamation
-10% or more of the voting population had taken the oath they could set up a loyal or Unionist gov't *meant to shorten the war by switching the "lukewarm" Confederates over *Congress didn't like this plan and created friction between Lincoln and the Congress |
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Congress during Wartime Reconstruction
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-southerns absent
-Democrats are a minority -Republican factions: 1)moderates were majority a) wanted to expand Republican power b) did not trust ex-Confederates to run their states c) opposed Ten Percent Plan d) believed president was abusing his powers 2) radicals a) abolitionists b) pro-black rights c) uncompromising -Reconstruction Legislation 1) Wade-Davis Bill 2) Freedman's Bureau |
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Wade-Davis Bill
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-created in July 1864
-50% of voters instead of Lincoln's 10% before restoration can begin -voting rights were limited -did not include black suffrage but gave federal courts the power to enforce emancipation *Lincoln "pocket vetoed" it b/c he didn't want to commit to a single plan and nullify his program |
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Freedman's Bureau
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-aid, comfort, education, medicine, and medical care for former slaves
-single, white women from the North to put forth these *Johnson vetoed it and this showed the continued battle between the chief executive and Congress |
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Andrew Johnson
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-became President after Lincoln's assassination
-born near Raleigh and grew up in poverty -humble tradesmen -illiterate until adult life/marriage -hated planter class *these shaped his Reconstruction approach -Lincoln put him on the ticket to grab Southern support -while in office: 1) pardons ex-Confederates even though he hates planter class 2) backed 13th amendment (abolishment of slavery) 3) policies allowed White Supremacist gov'ts to form: a) Black Codes b) disenfranchisement of Blacks-no voting 4) opposed Congress with vetoes, revocations, and firings *wanted to restore the prewar federal system as quickly as possible and without change minus right to legalize slavery or to secede |
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Congress Reaction to Johnson
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-passed the 14th Amendment
-Republican majority strengthened in 1866 mid-term elections -Tenure of Office Act so he can't fire anyone -impeachment and trial of the President -takes initiative by creating Radical Reconstruction plan |
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Radical Reconstruction
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-compromise between genuine Radicals and more moderate Republicans by nullfying Johnson's initiatives
-wanted to reshape southern society before readmitting ex-Confederates to the Union -military occupation in the South -securing the Black vote -Republicans wanted to get "loyal" men into office through the Black vote which would help them protect themselves against white supremacy *military occupation was unconstitutional and was similar to Red Coats in Boston |
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Office of Tenure Act
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-Johnson was replacing Radical generals with Conservative Democrats and dismissed officeholders who sympathized with Radical Reconstruction
-the act required Senate approval for the removal of officials whose appointment had needed the consent of the Senate *helped gain pro-impeachment forces when Johnson tried to fire the only Radical in the cabinet in his fight for power |
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14th Amendment
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-Republican majority's response to Johnsons' actions
-feared that Johnson would not enforce civil rights legislation -gave the federal gov't responsibility for guaranteeing equal rights under the law to all Americans *southerners would have no chance of being readmitted to Congress unless their states ratified it |
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Reorganizing land and labor
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-physical and financial devastation of the South was huge
-everything was destroyed from factories to railroads -investment capital was inadequate -recovery wouldn't occur without a new labor system -General Sherman set aside land for freed slaves and Freedman's Bureau was given control of land -the land given to the freed slaves was taken away when President Johnson pardoned the owners of the lands -Congress rejected proposals for an effective program of land confiscation and redistribution b/c they wanted to restore the production of cotton -wage model was unsuccessful b/c slaves refuse to work for former owners -contract labor system -sharecropping |
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contract labor system
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-workers committed themselves for a year in return for fixed wages
-the wages were withheld until after the harvest -the Freedman's Bureau enforced these contracts since many workers were abused or cheated out of their pay |
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sharecropping
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-an alternative capital-labor relationship
-eventually replaced the contract system -landowner preferred b/c it didn't require much expenditure before the harvest, and the tenant shared the risks of crop failure or a fall in cotton prices -African Americans initially thought it was a way towards landownership but credit left them owing in subsequent years |
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Black Codes
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-restricted and limited the freedom of former slaves
-segregated society such as denied admittance to most hotels and restaurants -would turn to military for help but eventually white supremacist were too large to stop with just a few thousand troops stationed in the South *showed the strength of the white supremacy in the South |
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State Gov'ts
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-a new power structure in the South
-Reconstruction gov'ts were Republican dominated 1) a coalition of business interests/carpetbaggers, poor white farmers and former slaves 2) blacks elected and appointed to important offices -generalized political corruption -the Southern Democratic Party took advantage of many weaknesses of the Republicans such as subsidizing railroads |
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Political corruption during Reconstruction
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-the Radical regimes failed to conduct public business honestly and efficiently
-embezzlement of public funds -bribery of state lawmakers -state debts and tax burdens rose b/c of heavy responsibility and also waste and graft -the situation varied from state to state -President Grant first-term with Colfax in the Credit Mobilier scandal |
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The Southern Social System
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-was upended
-federal directives were Freedman's Bureau, 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments -Civil Rights Act of 1866 overturned the Black Codes -Force Acts -a Yankee presence with volunteers and opportunists that became teachers or carpetbaggers |
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Force Acts
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-also known as the "Ku Klux Klan" acts
-made interference with voting right a federal crime and provided for federal supervision of elections -1871-1872 the military or U.S. marshalls arrested thousands of suspected Klansmen -most of the accused were never tried, were acquitted, or received suspended sentences *did put a damper on the terrorism |
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Retreat from Reconstruction
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1) national attention moved elsewhere
-Northerners decided to deal with their own problems -political corruption -wanted to create industry *this created more segregation in the South 2) the KKK -grassroots vigilante movement that strengthened white supremacy -systematic intimidation and violence -used lynching -launched a reign of terror to stop blacks from voting and causing President Grant to lose votes -they also killed more than 200 Republicans in Arkansas |
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15th Amendment
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-prohibited any state from denying a male citizen the right to vote b/c of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
-ways around this were literacy tests or property qualifications |
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Compromise of 1877
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-election of 1876 was Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Samuel J. Tilden
-honest gov't was highest priority -the election remained undecided over the disputed states -a 15-member commission had been selected to vote and eventually had 8 Republics to 7 Democrats -a strong Democratic opposition occurred when the vote was to be ratified -an informal bargain was reached to ensure Hayes's victory *led to no military resistance to a Democratic takeover in the South |
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Redeemers
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-men who took power after Radical Reconstruction fell apart
-some were from the Old South's planter class and others favored commercial and industrial interests -used "interest" groups for political advantage -endorsed two basic principles: laissez-faire and white supremacy *took control of the South but only paid their attention to privileged and entrenched interest groups |
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The Solid South
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-whites voted Democratic
-blacks couldn't vote b/c of KKK and other societies -creating an electoral support of the Democratic Party for nearly a century *created strong segregation and backed up Jim Crow laws |
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Jim Crow laws
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-restrictions on black civil rights in the South
-cars in the railroad that separated white and blacks -state gov'ts would respect the 14th and 15th Amendments but when blacks tried to vote Republican they were threatened *showed how the new order would begin to cast great hardships on the African Americans |
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Pre-Columbian Native Americans
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-population before 1492 is unknown
-varied cultures based on the land and climate -relations with European settlers weren't good because: 1) use of land 2) culture in families 3) type of living 4) religion 5) gender roles |
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Indian Relations In the East before 1830
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-there was war
-hopes for assimilation -treaties that were "promised" -removal to the West of the Mississippi |
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Indian Relations in the West after 1830
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-reservation system and wars b/c of gold rushes, forts (U.S. Army), and rebellions and massacres
-treaties -boundaries -Dawes Severalty Act 1887 -Wounded Knee *wars b/c of conflicts with settlers when boundaries strunk b/c of above^^^ |
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Indian Policy
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-before the Civil War the land west of the Mississippi as "one big reservation"
-the gov't prohibited any white person from entering the "Indian Country" without a license -later changed in 1850s when wagon trains wound their way to Cali. and Oregon for goldfields -the "one big reservation" was banned and the tribes were given definite boundaries -Indians didn't stay on their lands for hunting and eventually friction evolved between white settlers and tribes -white settlers turned to the military for help, which led to events like the Chivington massacre and different wars -Custer's Last Stand and the Sioux War |
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Ghost Dances
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-A popular cult among native American Plains Indians tribes by the late 1880s
-the dances were believed to bring back Native American lands and make the whites disappear -All Native Americans would unite, the earth would restore itself, and the buffalo would return *created more violence when the military was sent to stop the dances |
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Wounded Knee Massacre
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-army chased Plains Indians that were practicing Ghost Dancing to the southwest
-the Native Americans were fleeing to Big Foot, an aging chieft, to avoid the army *massacre of 200 men, women, and children from an alleged gunshot showed how bad the violence towards the Natives could get |
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Dawes Severalty Act
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-passed by Congress to assimilate Natives into white culture
-"Kill the Indian and save the man" -educate the Native Americans and civilize them by turning them into landowning ranchers and farmers *most important legal development in Indian-white relations |
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Settlement of West
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-Mormons, Sodbusters, Former Slaves, Ranchers, Chinese
-the Overland Trail -the first movement towards Cali. and Oregon for the Gold Rush of 1849 -The Homestead Act of 1862 -The Railroad |
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The Overland Trail
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-a network of trails leading west
-created b/c of the Gold Rush of 1849 -some walked, rode horse, or traveled in small groups but about 1/2 joined caravans *created an organized migration that will eventually end Native American Tribal Life |
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Homestead Act of 1862
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-160 acres for anyone who is willing to pay a $10 registration fee and pledge to live on the land
-they also have to cultivate it for 5 years -had a mixed record b/c farming challenges in the midwest were too great for some *set off a mass migration of land-hungry Europeans and Americans *2/3 of all homestead claimants before 1890 failed which showed how difficult farming and ranching was in the Midwest |
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The Railroad
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-eager to fill seats with immigrants to grab business
-they sent agents to Europe *were the West's largest landowners |
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Impact of Mining and Precious Metals on the Nation
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-boom towns and ghost towns
-helped the North win the war -brought states into the Union -affected the currency and economy -Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) |
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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
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-hostility against foreigners occurred during miners
-riots against the Chinese laborers occurred throughout the nation -this caused Congress to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act -suspended immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years *the population of the Chinese fell drastically and this one the only time the U.S. banned immigrants from entering the country |
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Farming and Ranching the Midwest
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-challenging environment since rainfall was little which caused there to be little water
-no timber created cheap sod houses -Homestead Act showed how difficult it was to farm in the Midwest -migration of blacks were called Exodusters that wanted to live a freer life and ban the brutal South -little surface water created expensive alternatives (wells and wind mills) -grasshoppers, storms, weather conditions -to keep animals in and out, barbed wire was invented -the Grange -Oklahoma "Boomers" and "Sooners" |
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the Grange
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-also known as the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry
-the organization provided isolated farmers with social, cultural, and educational activities for its members -banned involvement in politics, but Grangers ignored the rules and supported railroad regulations *led to the Farmer's Alliance when the Grange failed |
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Oklahoma "Boomers" and "Sooners"
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-Congress forced the Native Americans of the Oklahoma territory off the land
-this opened the Oklahoma District to open at noon on April 22, 1889 -Boomers were those who waited for the signal for the opening -Sooners were those who had jumped the gun *reflected the speed of western settlement |
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Industrial Development in America
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-radical change made the industrial development a revolution
-natural resources were a huge ingredient in the revolution -population, entrepreneurship, capital, and standard of living were also ingredients -other countries didn't have a lot of resources, had class systems like in Great Britain -gov't is stable, committed to private property and lassiez faire |
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Transportation and Communication
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-telegraph with Morse Code allowed news to travel faster
-telephone allowed people to hear actual words -railroads -steamboats went where railroads couldn't |
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Railroads
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-antebellum had roads, canals, steamboats, and some railroads
-railroad routes created cities along the tracks and boosted land values -hastened the demise of the Native Americans -created mas production and mass consumption of resources b/c of speed -completed a national market -introduced a new, more complex business model -fostered corruption -created time zones -"sleeping cars" for overnight routes -transcontinental railroads such as the construction of the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific *along with Bessemer steel, the country's most significant technical innovation |
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Carnegie and Steel
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-Andrew Carnegie started out poor as immigrant from Scotland
-started out as a bob-bin boy, then a telegrapher -through shrewd investments, Carnegie went into the steel industry where Bessemer plants only excepted a few to build them b/c it was expensive -despite keeping wages low and disliked unions, he was a well-known philanthropists that gave away lots of money for the good of the nation -got the steel contract for the Brooklyn Bridge and elevated railway, the first skyscrapers, and the Washington Monument -eventually sold to J.P. Morgan who created the U.S. Steel Corporation *he was proof of the "American Dream" and mastered the steel industry that Morgan created a new firm that was the first billion dollar company |
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Rockefeller and Oil
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-a young merchant from Cleveland imposed order on a chaotic oil industry
-he built the Standard Oil Company -bought or ran other companies into the ground -Standard Oil owned everything from wells and chemical plants to railroads and warehouses that was part of the oil industry *to manage it all he developed the trust which is like a monopoly and this led to AntiTrust a term used in Woodrow Wilson's era |
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Business of Invention
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-Thomas Edison became the most famous of them all inventing laboratories, phonograph, improved other inventions like the telegraph, incandescent lamp, and revolutionized electricity
-other inventions were the stock ticker, adding machine, cash register, typewriter, telephone, and disassembly and assembly line |
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The Sellers
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-development of marketing to get the goods out there to be bought
-for example, Sears and R.H. Macy -advertising created a way to get the products out there -people were starting to buy products that they didn't know they could have *advertising, brand names, chain stores, and mail-order houses brought Americans into a national market |
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The Wage Earners
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-people are leaving the farm to work in factories
-sometimes a whole family -they worked in terrible conditions -long working hours -few holidays -safety was low and not cared for -wages and status were unequal between race, gender, age, etc. |
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Work in the Industrial Age
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-the changing nature of work
-labor unions -labor unrest |
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the changing nature of work
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-people are moving from the farm to the factory
-workers had different times and had supervisors and bosses -workers had to work to the needs of market instead rhythms of seasons |
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Knights of Labor
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-secret fraternal order led by Terence V. Powderly
-eventually became public and recruited -against monopolies -excluded "non-producers" such as bankers and lawyers -they wanted 8-hour work days and the abolition of child labor *a method to fight against employers that didn't care for their employees' needs |
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American Federation League (AFL)
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-loose alliance of national craft unions
-organized only skilled workers along craft lines -avoided politics and wanted economic gains for workers -leader was Samuel Gompers *most important labor group in the country during the industrial age |
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labor unrest
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-employees adjusted to the factory in various ways
-dictated pace and quality -helped each other like unions -"iron law wages" that supply and demand dictated wages -Pullman Strike of 1894 -Haymarket Riot of 1886 -Homestead Strike of 1892 |
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Pullman Strike of 1894
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-strike was at the Pullman Palace Car Company near Chicago
-workers struck to protest wage cuts, high rents for company housing, and layoffs -the strike spread to 27 states and territories and paralyzed the western half of the nation -President Cleveland broke it up through an injunction that it was obstructed the mail *one of the largest strikes in the country's history |
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Haymarket Riot of 1886
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-one of the worst incidents that happened with the labor unrest
-workers were campaigning for 8-hour work days -labor leaders called for a protest meeting that was peaceful at first and then a bomb was thrown at a policeman which sparked the riot *the riot linked radicalism and anarachism to the labor associations |
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Homestead Strike of 1892
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-wages were cut by Carnegie and Frick by 20%
-more violence broke out and Frick locked out the workers from the plant -workers surrounded the plant and Frick hired Pinkerton detectives to drive them off -after some deaths between the defectives and workers the PA state militia were sent in to create peace *events like this troubled Americans who wondered if industrialization was going to create class tensions or outright warfare |
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immigrants
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-"new" immigration from Southern-Eastern Europe that dressed "funny" which was just cultural differences
-there was religious conflicts -Ellis Island is where the majority of immigrants came in from -neighborhoods became ethnic b/c they mainly had one ethnic group -stuck to cultural traditions including reading their own newspaper |
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big city political machines
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-as cities grew, an emergence of the powerful city political machine grew
-they traded services for votes -"Boss" Tweed tied together a loose network of ward and precinct captains that looked after their local area and led Tammany Hall -Tweed was the model for all the big names -climbed the ranks of Tammany Hall and became a member of Congress -he moved through the back alleys of New York easily and was head of the Tweed Ring that plundered New York for tens of millions of dollars -city gov'ts achieved a lot minus the bosses' corruption -the bosses stayed in power b/c they provided for the poor -if foreigners needed a job or a breadwinner needed food or clothing |
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Social and Cultural Changes
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-family ties loosened
-illiteracy declined and life expectancy increased -the role of women and children changed -white Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) dominated American society -meals became heavier b/c foods were cheap and eating habits changed -innovations such as an icebox created storage and more foods -medical science was undergoing a revolution |
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Rise of Middle Class
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-rise in the standard of living b/c of industrialized society
-improved quality of life such as increased life span -Victorian Values 1) high moral standards 2) family oriented 3) don't neglect children -new ways of thinking 1) Social Darwinism 2) social gospel 3) utopianism -crusading reformers 1) women/social workers 2) ministers 3) educators 4) journalists -leisure and entertainment |
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Social Darwinism
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-not from Darwin, from Hebert Spencer and people twisted it
-argued against the usefulness of reform -"survival of the fitness" -difference between rich and poor |
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utopianism
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-believed in a perfect society
-social reform -examination of social problems -a scientific approach |
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settlement houses
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-social reformers want to eradicate the conditions the poor were living in
-famous Hull House in Chicago -educated the poor |
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Political Participation in America
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-popular entertainment like rallies, parades, picnics, and torchlight processions
-campaigning and the family vote -high rate of voter turnout -mostly white males made up the bulk of electorate -women and some black men were denied the right to vote -infamous "grandfather clause" was used in the South |
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Party Deadlock
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-Democrats regained control in the South despite a defeat
-Republicans dominated the North -parties in regions never changed b/c of Civil War traditions -President races were closely fought b/c of the deadlock -there was a handful of "doubtful" states including New York, New Jersey, and some midwestern states that were paid closely attention to b/c they could swing elections |
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Presidential Power
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-was weak after Andrew Johnson's impeachment, the scandals of Grant's administration, and the controversy over the 1876 race
-after that the presidents fought to reassert their power -Hayes began to reassert his power by saying that the gold standard was a good currency for the nation's monetary system -Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Act -Pendleton Act |
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Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Act
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-Congress passed over President Hayes's veto
-required the partial coinage of silver |
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Pendleton Act
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-reformed civil service as a reaction of Garfield's assassination
-created a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to administer competitive examinations and appoint officeholders on the basis of merit |
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The Billion-Dollar Congress
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-Republicans controlled Presidency and both houses
-tariffs (McKinley Tariff Act) raised to financed the federal gov't and protect American industries -Dependent Pension Act -Sherman Antitrust Act -Sherman Silver Purchase Act -1890 election voter backlash b/c people didn't like the spending ways of the Republicans |
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Dependent Pension Act
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-granted pensions to Union army veterans and their widows and children
-passed during the Billion-Dollar Congress *1st time veterans get pensions |
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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-with little debate between the Republicans and Democrats the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed
-a federal attempt to deal with the problems with trusts and industrial growth -it tried to harness big business without harming it -at first the Justice Department didn't file suit b/c of judicial interpretations but then later got stronger *1st federal attempt to deal with trusts and shaped later antitrust policies |
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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-with the discovery of the great bonanza mines silver was in disuse
-the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was passed to deal with the silver problem -the act directed the Treasury to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver a month and issue legal tender in the form of Treasury notes *quadrupled silver production |
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Agrarian Politics
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-populism and the Populist Movement
-favored "free silver" -the Grange yielded to the National Farmers' Alliance -regional Alliances |
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Populist Movement/Populism
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-fast-growing movement among farmers
-use the common people -"grew up poor" to grab support -gathered at picnic areas and campgrounds to discuss their problems like drought, mortgages, and low crop prices -became a third party that was the People's Party to promote reform |
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National Farmers' Alliance
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-sought to organize farmers in the South and West to fight for reforms
-they wanted to improve their lot, including measures to overcome lop crop prices, burdensome mortgages and high railroad rates -ultimately organized the People's (Populist) Party *dominated the Alliance movement and was one of the most powerful protest movements in American history |
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Regional Alliances
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-issues:
1) crop prices 2) rail shipping rates 3) mortgages -actions: 1) demands for reform 2) a 3rd political party the Populist Party |
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Financial Panic of 1873
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-overbuilt railroads and they went bankrupt
-crop failures from winter and drought -silver flooded the market -Pullman Strike (1894) -people sold shares and other assets to buy gold -stocks plummeted -factories and mines shut down *the worst economic downturn until that point in history |
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The 1896 Presidential Election
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-main issue was gold and silver standards
1) populists viewed silver as a pan area 2) exposed class and sectional divisions -the Republican position solidified 1) a skillful party organizer 2) for the Gold standard but some Republicans were prosilver -the Democrats 1) southern dominance 2) the free silver and anti-Cleveland wing triumphed 3) William Jennings Bryan was the nominee for president and had a "Cross of Gold" speech explaining how people were being destroyed by gold -Populist endorsed Bryan -Bryan traveled to people while McKinley worked a "front porch" campaign and used newspapers *made Repubicans the majority party and shaped politics until 1932 |
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The McKinley Administration
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-enacted the gold standard
-passed a new tariff for federal spending -the defeat of the Spanish made the administration look even better -new challenge was how to regulate big businesses instead of promoting them |
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muckraker
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-were a journalistic voice of a large movement called progressivism
-exposed wrongdoings of public figures and corporations and highlighting social and political problems *wrote books and articles to bring to the reader the worries of society |
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progressivism
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-reflected worries about society, the effects of industrialization and urbanization, social disorder, political corruption, and many other issues
-thousands of people became worried about society -trusts were one of the issues progressives wanted to break up or regulate them *brought together people that wanted to change the nation for the better |
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Middle Class Values
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-domesticity: children were not to be ignored
-strong belief in education: expand public education and the increase of higher education -strong sense of morality but wasn't always practiced -socially conscious: women joined volunteer work and helped social problems |
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Model T
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-development of the progressive era
-the innovation of the Model T led the way towards large-scale business and mass production -Ford copied the meatpackers idea of disassembly lines and created assemby lines *this idea created mass production and revolutionized the industry |
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oligopoly
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-control of a commodity or service by a small number of large, powerful companies
-six great financial groups dominated the railroads -a handful of holding companies controlled utilities and steel *what happened when trusts weren't regulated or broken up |
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Triangle Shirtwaist Company
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-a shirtwaist company in New York
-as machines and assembly lines grew faster so did work boredom and miscalculation at work -a fire was started at the company where 146 people died -exit doors were locked to prevent theft and there was a single fire escape *drew national attention on unsafe working conditions |
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Better Times on the Farm
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-panic is over
-better weather -railroad rates are stabilized -rural free delivery opened the farm to urban thinking, advertising, and political events -better roads, mail-order catalogs and other innovations put farmers more in society |
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Women in the Workforce
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-more women worked
-dominantly single women worked more than married woman -men seemed to squeeze them out of jobs someway -women rarely held a high paying job and if they did they were expected to resign when married -majority of women held clerical jobs or taught -black women stayed working b/c one black male or female didn't make enough to support their family |
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Child Labor
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-children worked a lot more too
-eventually the child labor shrank b/c of public indignation -Women's Trade Union League lobbied for better working conditions for women and children |
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Blacks in the Work Force
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-mainly living in rural areas and most were poor sharecroppers
-Jim Crow laws segregated -earned less than a white man -illiteracy was still high and conditions on farms were similar to slavery |
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Immigrants in the Labor Force
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-there was so many of them that employers could always find someone to work
-they kept wages low -immigrants met hostility from other immigrants on disagreements of their values, religion, traditions, and appearance -birds of passage -Ford Motor Company taught immigrants how to be an American |
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birds of passage
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-were temporary immigrants that came to America to make enough money to make a fresh start at home
-World War I trapped a lot of these immigrants |
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Industrial Workers of the World
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-another union, also known as the Wobblies, that attracted a lot of attention and fears
-they welcomed everyone regardless of race or gender -motto was "an injury to one is an injury to all" -it aimed to unite the American working class into a mammoth union *showed the American working class wanted social reform and scared everyone for a possible revolution |
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2nd Industrial Revolution
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-after a brief postwar depression, a great boom began
-industrial output doubled and the gross national product rose by 40% -growth was possible b/c of industrial technology (assembly lines) -income increased -ability to invent *American workers became the highest paid in history |
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Americans went on a shopping spree
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-people wanted car and radio
-automobiles shaped America -radios and broadcasting -marketing and advertising increased -national electrification created longer hours in the day and more appliances for the consumer |
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Automobile and Radio/Broadcasting
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-cars allowed people to move to suburbs and drive to work
-more roads were created -the automobile gave business to other companies such as rubber, paint, and glass -hotels and gas stations began to grow b/c of traveling -radios allowed people to get news quicker -stories and tv series that began on radio brought together the family |
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Women and the Family (Roaring 20s)
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-seen in cars
-women didn't show legs -got the right to vote -family size is reducing b/c women had opportunities for birth control and wanted independence by bringing home income -feminists fought for equal rights and other expressed themselves differently by drinking, smoking, and changing their looks |
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Popular Culture
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-Prohibition lead to the increase in crime
-cars allowed people to travel to events such as sports, theater, etc. -people talked to each other more b/c of radio and transportation -arts flourished -Harlem Renaissance was an outpouring of African American literature, theater, visual arts and music (jazz) -sex became a popular topic as Victorian standards crumbled |
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Red Scare
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-a fear of radicalism, in particular, communism
-an anti-radical hysteria that resulted in the deportation of many alien residents and violated the civil liberties of its victims -communism fear from Russian Revolution *first and most intense outbreak of national alarm |
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fears of radicalism
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-Red Scare
-foreign-born radicals |
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Prohibition
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-18th amendment
-prohibit the manufacturing and sale of alcohol -drinking didn't decline *showed how the "evils" of alcohol couldn't be stopped and crime worsened and it is the only amendment to be repealed |
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KKK resurgence
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*most ominous expression of protest against the new urban culture
-a grassroots vigilante movement that started post-Civil War -white supremacist targeted blacks, foreign-born, Jews, Catholics, and women in its resurgence but at first only targeted blacks |
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National Origins Quota Act
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-limited immigration to 150,000 a year from Europe
-banned Asian immigrants -nativism-hostility to things foreign -Mexicans were exempt *most enduring achievement of the rural counterattack |
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Scopes Trial
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-Christian fundamentalists campaigned against teaching evolution in the public schools
-another challenge to the new urban culture -biology teacher was prosecuted for teaching Darwin's Theory and there was a law in Tennesse against it *counterattack on modernizing trend *enabled older American values to survive |
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Republican Politics
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-tensions between city and countryside also shaped politics in the 1920s
-Republicans dominated the decade -they used their return power after WW1 to halt further reform legislation and establish a friendly relationship between government and business |
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Harding
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-Republicans regained the White House when Harding was elected
-represented small town America -made many friends and few enemies -climbed the ranks from legislator to U.S. senator before the presidency -broadly delegated power -Teapot Dome Scandal darkened Harding and his administration |
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Teapot Dome Scandal
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-Harding made good cabinet choices minus 2 corrupt officials
-in return for nearly $400,000 in loans and bribes, he helped two oil promoters secure leases on naval oil reserves *made Harding's presidency and administration look bad |
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Coolidge
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-was Vice President to Harding and assumed his position when he died
-his honesty and integrity reassured the nation after the corruption in the Harding presidency -already had some national attention after he dealt firmly with a Boston police strike -was considered the least President we had b/c he enjoyed the prosperity of the mid-1920s |
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Hoover
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-Coolidge decided he wouldn't run again and Hoover became the Republican choice
-Hoover was an example of the "American Dream" -had strong administrative skills from his experience in Wilson's food program and as secretary of commerce under Harding and Cooling -he helped American manufacturers and exporters b/c he believed business and gov't should work as partners |
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Conservatives resistance to the change of the 1920s
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-police and courts cracked down on radicals
-prohibition outlawed liquor -the KKK attacked immigrants and minorities -Congress restricted immigration -fundamentalist Christians decried the changing code of morality and the teaching of evolution in the schools |
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America's Expansion in the 1890s
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-America was previously settling west
-now they were grabbing islands for territories -they were used as naval bases, trading outposts, or commercial centers on major trade routes -viewed as colonies -their scramble for empires was late and did it on a small scale |
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Reasons for Expansion
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-imperialism: imposing control over other peoples through annexation, military conquest, or economic domination
-the end of the frontier -products were being produced too fast for the domestic market -caught up in a worldwide scramble for empire -idea of Charles Darwin's theories of evolution -Anglo-Saxons were members of a God-favored race destined to lead the world |
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American Foreign Policy
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-promoted trade and avoided diplomatic entanglements
-Monroe Doctrine: a recurrent dream of annexing Canada or Mexico -Pan-American unity against the nations of the Old World -Hawaii and other islands to have "stepping-stones" to Asia -purchased Alaska from Russian -Latin American countries for trade and to hopefully bind them together with American interests -naval bases outside the country |
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Hawaii
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-offered a tempting way station to Asian markets
-missionaries stopped there to convert them to Christianity -Hawaii's economic and other benefits attracted new settlers that played a role in the political and economic life and played an even more important role in the annexation -sugar and naval strategy were also inviting *served as military and commercial importance |
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theory of naval superiority
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-one of the world's most powerful fleets during the Civil War
-decline rapidly postwar -in order for the United States to keep up with other world powers they needed a strong navy -to protect their interests and to take and protect distant markets -need to expand the power and compete with other nations |
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War with Spain
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-Cuban Revolt
-Treaty of Paris -war for a summer |
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Cuban Revolt
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-Cuban revolts had happened already b/c of their discontent with Spanish rule
-sugar added to the ingredient b/c the tariffs on the sugar -yellow journalism swayed people's opinion but didn't cause the war -humanitarian concerns from fortified areas from the Spanish -the ruling of Spanish might invite foreign intervention -Presidents urged neutrality but McKinley leaned towards the insurgents -ordered the battleship Maine to check on conditions and it exploded *negotiations broke down and war was declared |
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Treaty of Paris
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-Anti-Imperialist League was created b/c some people didn't want the Philippines b/c it was a problem
-Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam were given to the United States -Cuba will be independent, Spain will pay their debt -Platt Amendment will be in effect -Filipino Revolt |
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Platt Amendment
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-replaced the earlier Teller Amendment
-it stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of troops in Cuba -ensured U.S. involvement in Cuban affairs, both foreign and domestic, and gave legal standing to U.S. claims to certain economic and military territories on the island including Guantanamo Bay Naval Base |
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Anti-Imperialist League
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-formed by opponents of expansion to fight the treaty
-lack of a coherent program weakened them -some wanted Hawaii and P.R. but not the Phils, others wanted to keep them for naval bases, and some didn't want them at all |
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Filipino Revolt
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-the length of time it took to figure out what to do with the Philippines cause the Filipinos to revolt
-they demanded immediate independence -the U.S. fought men of a different color and different terrain and against guerrilla warfare -more fought in the Philippines then the Spanish-American War -Americans felt they weren't ready for independence and they thought otherwise |
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a war for the summer (Spanish-American War)
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-a rush to volunteer such as the famous Ruff Ryders
-they battled improper canning, Malaria, multiple diseases |
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The Open Door in China
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-China was weak from warfare and rebellion
-world powers were dividing the country into "spheres of influence" -they were given exclusive rights to certain regions which threatened trade to the U.S. -Open Door policy |
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Open Door policy
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-urged three agreements
1) nations possessing a sphere of influence would respect the rights and privileges of other nations in that sphere 2) the Chinese gov't would continue to collect tariff duties in all spheres 3) nations would not discriminate against other nations in levying port dues and railroad rates within their respective spheres of influence *marked a departure from the American tradition of isolationism and signaled the country's growing involvement in the world |
