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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bastille
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-prison in Paris that was rumored to be holding anti-king revolutionaries that could start a revolution
-peasants storm the Bastille sparking the French Revolution |
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Tennis Court Oath
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-About 570 members of the third estate were locked out of the Estates General by King Louis XVI on June 20,1789
-part of the mild phase -unites the 3rd Estate and creates their authority -the Oath stated that sovereignty is with the people |
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Third Estate
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-Bourgeoisie, Wage laborers, Craftsmen, Peasantry, and Farmers
-90% of the population -had to pay church, state, and king taxes |
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July 14, 1789
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-Storming of the Bastille
-the start of the French Revolution -peasants storm to set free anti-king revolutionaries |
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Estates System
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Royal,-> Clergy, -> Nobility, -> 3rd estate, -> Sans - Coulottes
-The First and Second Estate consisted of noble, clergy, and royal family -Third Estate consisted of peasantry, bourgeoisie, farmers, wage laborers, and craftsmen -the organization of the French social system -one of the reasons that sparked the French Revolution |
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30 Years War
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-Religious War from 1618-1648
-starts b/c of punishing peasants by beaten to death or burning -peasants vs. government -Protestants - France, Sweden, Great Britain, Denmark vs. Catholics - Spain, Portugal, Habsburg Empire -first time mass armies were used and regular people picked up guns for church or state -first large scale European War -weaken Spain and strengthened Great Britain/France |
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Westphalia
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-last Phase of 30 Years War
-series of treaties in 1648 -decreased power of Roman Empire -first time countries made peace diplomatically -state ran by sovereignty -sparked significant nationalism -Switzerland and Netherlands become states |
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Edict of Nantes
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-part of Phase 2 of the 30 Years War
-passed in 1945 -offering freedom of conscience to individuals, reinstatement of civil rights and separated civil from religious unity. |
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Cardinal Richelieu
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-Louis XIII's chief minister
-was Catholic -supported the peasants even though he hated protestants -hated Habsburgs -disliked princes of Roman Empire and Spain |
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Mercantilism
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-idea that there is limited wealth in the world
-the nation with the most wealth; rules the world -The lasting prosperity depends on foreign commerce, beginning with measuring wealth in: - Crops (Britain) - Animal fur (France) |
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Versailles
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-palace outside Paris built by and for Louis XIV
-residence of the King, royal officials and state affairs -became symbol of French absolutist state and power of Louis XIV -spot for revolutionary marches and where Louis XVI was taken back to after his unsuccessful attempt to escape -also the spot for a treaty and a Women's March |
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Tuileries Palace
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-a smaller palace that King Louis XVI was put in when he tried to escape France
-August 17, 1792 -the revolutionaries stormed the palace to find the King and strip him of his authority by throwing him in jail -checked room by room killing everyone including 600 Swiss guards -100,000 revolutionaries vs. 900 Swiss guards |
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Sans - Culottes
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-mainly merchants and artisans who were often the elite of their neighborhood
-considered patriots that made up the Paris Commune -led by the leaders of the Committee of Public Safety -executed or threw in jail those who aided the king or resisted the popular will |
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Bourgeoisie
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-emerging middle class during the Enlightenment
-merchants, industrialists, bankers, lawyers, and doctors -owned 20-25% of the land -were against the monarchial system and an old, rigid social order |
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Marie Antoinette
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-Louis XVI's wife
-an former Austrian princess -was imprisoned and executed along with Louis XVI |
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Directory
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-the National Convention's answer to the problems with the Jacobin club and Reign of Terror
-survived by an army led by Napoleon -consisted of five directors elected by the Council of Elders -last time Paris would try to impose its wishes on the central government |
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Louis XVII
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-put Louis XVII in a separate cell
-couldn't execute a kid -cell was horrible and very small -murdered parents in front of him -June 8, 1795 Louis XVII dies from unknown disease |
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Galileo Galilei
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-a philosopher who attacked the church and made scientific discoveries
-first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of a telescope -bringing about a new age of astronomy |
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Constitution III
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-created in 1795
-created Directory with 180 members with 3 leaders -established a national legislative assembly consisting of two chambers: Council of 500 and Council of Elders |
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Georges Danton
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-leader of the Paris Commune and the Sans-Culottes
-one of the men responsible for the Reign of Terror -part of the Jacobins -initially dominated the Committee of Public Safety |
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John Locke
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-English political theorists
-wrote about how government should be ran -there was "natural laws" for human society created by God -argued against the rule of one man -a great thinker of the Enlightenment |
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Jacobin
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-club that consists of two parts: Girondins and the Mountain
-believed in a dictator and a republic -a member of the radical movement that instituted the Reign of Terror |
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Notre Dame
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-cathedral built for and by Louis VII
-world's most famous church -built for Virgin Mary -length of a football field -started 1163 and finished 1345 |
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
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-approved by the National Assembly August 26, 1789
-17 Articles that state the different rights of man such as all men are born free and remain free and equal in rights -reflected the ideas of the French Enlightenment and American Declaration of Independence |
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Louis XIV
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-a French king
-bankrupted France by his construction projects -moved government to Versailles and appealed the Edict of Nantes |
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Jean-Paul Marat
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-a revolutionary leader and political theorists
-defender of Sans-Culottes that cherished him -stabbed 17 times by Charlotte Cordey |
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Thomas Hobbes
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-a great thinker of the Enlightenment
-political theorist about government -opposite of Locke -believed in absolute rule with unlimited power -people may not rebel or they will be suppressed |
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Girondin
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-a faction of the National Convention
-believed in democracy -was removed from its dominant position of power by a demonstration lead by Danton and the Commune |
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Canal du Midi
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-created by Pierre-Paul Riquel during the reign of Louis XIV
-connected Atlantic Ocean and Mediterrean Sea -world's first navigational tunnel through mountain ridges |
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Henry VIII
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-initiated the English Reformation
-wanted to divorce his wife b/c he wanted a male heir -Pope denied his request -cut off all appeals from English church courts to Rome so he no longer needed the Pope to do annulments -created Church of England |
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East India Companies
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-joint-stock company to make profits outside Great Britain
-gained full authority of subcontinental India when the forced the French to withdraw completely from India in the Seven Years War -opened trade to other Asia countries and spread Western culture to East Asia |
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Committee of Public Safety
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-an executive committee that administered government
-same 12 members reelected to withstand the domestic and foreign crises -Members included Danton and Robespierre |
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Louis XVI
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-a French King
-King during the French Revolution that was imprisoned and executed -payed the price for Louis XIV -locked the meeting hall that the Third Estate tried to construct in causing the Tennis Court Oath |
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Maximilien Robespierre
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-one of the most important figures during the French Revolution
-member of the Committee of Public Safety -the cause of Danton's execution -one of the men responsible for the reign of terror |
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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-philosopher of the Enlightenment
-questioned the beliefs of his predecessors -emphasized on the importance of balance between heart and mind -one of the precursors of the Romanticism movement |
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Peter the Great
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-absolute ruler of Russia
-he modernized Russia -right to rule a Tsar came from God -centralized his power -improved technology, education, and military -executed and tortured people who challenged his power |
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Martin Luther
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-created the Protestant Reformation
-Lutheran/Calvinist, Amish, and Anglican came from this Reformation -decided the church was corrupt -draws attention to its flaws and change it |
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Issac Newton
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-Mathematician and philosopher
-responsible for scientific discoveries during the Enlightenment -able to explain all motion in the universe by universal gravity -published the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy |
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Neckar
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-Louis XVI's prime minister
-suggested tax reforms -suggested estate system become democratic and 3rd estates gets to vote which creates an advantage -didn't get put through |
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Flight of Varennes
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-King Louis XVI tries to escape France to Belgium
-almost successful until last checkpoint where the son was recognized -even though they were disguised -King is captured and put in Tuileries and eventually stripped of authority |
