History 111 History Of World Civilization 1

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By scholarly convention, prehistory refers to the period

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before the invention of writing

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The prominent sexual features of Venus figurines at Cro-Magnon sites indicate that the Cro-Magnon peoples

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were strongly concerned with fertility and the generation of new life

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What was a likely purpose of Cro-Magnon cave painting?

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to exercise sympathetic magic

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Cities first emerged from agricultural villages and towns in

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the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

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Sargon of Akkad

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was a gifted administrator and warrior.

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In Hammurabi's code you would be unlikely to find

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laws that indicate a suspect is innocent until proven guilty.

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Cuneiform writing

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involved wedge-shaped symbols pressed onto clay with a reed.

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The religious beliefs of the Israelites after Moses included

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monotheism

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The Greek historian Herodotus proclaimed Egypt "the gift of the Nile" because, in his account,

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the reliable rhythm of the Nile created fertile land, which supported a remarkably productive agricultural economy.

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Mummification, pyramids, and funerary rituals in ancient Egypt were extremely costly and troublesome. The customs prevailed for several thousand years because

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Egyptians believed in an afterlife.

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Name four important Egyptian gods.

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1. Osiris
2. Amon
3. Aten
4. Re

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The Indian caste system

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was a central institution that served to promote social stability.

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One of the hymns in the Rig Veda offered a brief account of the origins of the four varnas (castes). It was said that

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the four castes emanated from the four parts of Purusha when the gods sacrificed him.

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The Yellow River earned its nickname "China's Sorrow" because

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its frequent floods were very destructive to agricultural society.

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According to Zhou political theory, the Zhou king overthrew the Shang dynasty because

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the Shang lost the mandate of heaven.

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The Chinese king was called the "son of heaven" and served as

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a link between heaven and earth.

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In practice, the veneration of ancestors reinforced the authority of the patriarchal head of the family because

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it was the patriarch who presided at the rites honoring ancestors.

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The Olmecs

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1. established the first complex society in Mesoamerica.
2. built ceremonial centers with pyramids and temples.
3. lived in an area where rubber trees flourished.
4. constructed elaborate drainage systems.

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The Maya calendar

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was used to determine the fortune of activities on a given day.

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The Popul Vah concerned

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the creation of the world.

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The Persian Wars (500 479 B.C.E.) referred to

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the rebellions of the Greek city-states, fighting for their independence

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What was the teachings of Zoroastrian?

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1. the cosmic conflict between Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu
2. the idea that individual souls would undergo future judgment
3. the idea that the forces of good would ultimately prevail
4. a belief in six lesser dieties

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Mencius, the principal spokesman for the Confucian school, advocated that

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government should be organized through benevolence and humane action

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The concept dao means

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the original force of the cosmos, an eternal and unchanging principle that governs all the workings of the world

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Ashoka, the great emperor of the Mauryan empire,

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converted to Buddhism after his bloody war against Kalinga

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According to legend, Siddhartha Gautama, the first Buddha, abandoned his family and comfortable life to lead the existence of a holy man because of his concern with

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suffering

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How democratic was the Athenian democracy? Think of the best description.

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All citizens were qualified to join the city councils.

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Between the mid-eighth and the late sixth centuries B.C.E., the Greeks founded more than four hundred colonies along the shores of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The driving force behind such a movement was primarily

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population pressure.

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The Peloponnesian War was fought between

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two groups of Greek adversaries under the leadership of Athens and Sparta

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Greek philosophy is often characterized as rational because

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it was based purely on human reason.

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According to the ancient legends, the kingdom of Rome was established in 753 B.C.E. by

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Romulus

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The society of the Etruscans was ruled by

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powerful kings.

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Augustus s government was

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a monarchy disguised as a republic.

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By Roman law,

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1. a defendent was assumed innocent until proven guilty.
2. defendents had a right to challenge their accusers before a judge.
3. the judge enjoyed great discretion in applying laws.
4. judges could set aside laws.

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The remarkable growth of early Christianity reflected the new faith's appeal particularly to

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the lower classes, urban populations, and women.

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The principal agents for the spread of Buddhism over the silk roads were

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merchants

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By the 3rd century C.E., Christian communities in Mesopotamia and Iran deeply influenced Christian practices in the Roman empire through their

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ascetic values.

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By dividing the Roman empire into two administrative districts, the emperor Diocletian attempted to

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establish more effective control of the empire.

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The invading Huns contributed to the fall of the western Roman empire by

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pressing the Germanic peoples into the western Roman empire.

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What statements are true about the early hierarchy of Christian church?

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1. Bishops presided over the religious affairs of dioceses.
2. the bishop of Rome became known as the pope.
3. There were five top religious authorities in the Roman empire.
4. The church authorities met in councils to resolve theological disputes.

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Emperor Justinian is best remembered for his

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codification of Roman law, known as Body of the Civil Law.

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Emperor Leo III (reigned 717 741) launched the campaign of iconoclasm because

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he was convinced that the veneration of religious images was sinful, tantamount to the worship of physical idols.

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In 1054 C.E., the Byzantine patriarch and the pope of Rome mutually excommunicated each other because of their disagreements over matters of

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who had authority over their jurisdiction.

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What statements are true about the crusades launched by the western Europeans during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries?

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1. They were trying to recapture Jerusalem and other holy sites from Muslim control.
2. They carved out states in parts of the Byzantine empire.
3. They sacked the city of Constantinople.
4. They were used to strengthen economic positions in the eastern Mediterranean.

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The word Islam means

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submission

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The Five Pillars are to Muslims as

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the Noble Eightfold Path is to Buddhists.

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The veiling of women as a social custom was

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1. not specifically addressed in the Quran.
2. practiced long before Muhammad was born.
3. adopted from Byzantine and Sasanid societies by Muslims.
4. originally practiced by upper-class women.

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What are the descriptions of cultural influences on Islam?

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1. Persian literature deeply influenced Islamic literary works.
2. Indian numerals had a profound influence on the development of mathematical thinking among Muslims.
3. The caliphs adopted Persian ideas of kingship.

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Xuanzang became a well-known monk of the Tang dynasty because

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his travels and study in India helped to popularize Buddhism in China.

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Despite cultural borrowing and imitation, Korea was still different from China in that

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aristocrats dominated Korean society while bureaucrats dominated Chinese life.

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In medieval Japan, professional warriors were called

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samurai.

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Islam spread in India through

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1. the presence of merchants from the Islamic world.
2. Turkish migrations.
3. Arab expeditions into the Sind.
4. the influence of the sultanate of Delhi.

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Invasions of India by Turkish Muslims hastened the decline of Buddhism because

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the invaders looted and destroyed Buddhist stupas and shrines.

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Islam in India had a strong appeal to members of lower castes because

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Islam promised the spiritual equality of all believers.

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Historians use the term Middle Ages to refer to

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the era from about 500 to 1500 C.E., the Medieval era of European history.

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One reason for the Franks' rapid rise in western Europe had to do with Clovis's

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conversion to Roman Christianity.

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The term feudalism

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is a term that has fallen out of favor among historians.

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The Franks helped to promote Christianity by

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1. destroying the Lombards who threatened Rome.
2. accepting recognition and backing from the popes.
3. inviting Christian scholars to the court.
4. military force.

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An important pope of the late sixth and early seventh centuries was

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Gregory I.

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Serfs were

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semifree individuals who owed obligations to the lord whose lands they cultivated.

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Saljuq Turks who lived in Abbasid Persia and took over Byzantine Anatolia during the early eleventh century were

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led by sultans who were responsible for most of the governance.

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After Chinggis Khan's death, the Mongol Empire was divided into four regional empires. China, as one of the regional empires, was ruled by

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the great khans.

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During the thirteenth century, long-distance trade in Eurasia increased primarily because

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the Mongols worked to secure trade routes and ensure the safety of merchants passing through their vast territories.

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Trade and communications networks were slower to penetrate sub-Saharan Africa compared to other regions because

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there were formidable geographic barriers to overcome.

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The conversion to Islam of rulers of the kingdom of Ghana and the Mali empire

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stimulated commercial relations with Muslim merchants.

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After the eleventh century, the slave trade became increasingly important in Africa because

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demand for slaves in foreign markets outstripped the supply.

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Unlike many other religions, African religion

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did not concern itself with matters of theology.

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In the investiture contest, the winner was

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Gregory VII.

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The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire because

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it did not restore imperial unity to western Europe.

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During the high middle ages, the Normans

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1. conquered England in 1066.
2. built a tightly centralized state.
3. retained title to lands in Normandy.
4. took southern Italy from Byzantine and Muslim rulers.

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During the high middle ages, the development of towns and cities fit awkwardly in the framework of a medieval political order because

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their citizens demanded autonomy from local lords.

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During the high middle ages, European scholars' rediscovery of Aristotle's work led to

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the development of scholasticism.

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The most famous scholastic theologian was

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St. Thomas Aquinas.

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The term reconquista specifically referred to

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the reconquest of Spain from the Muslims

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What are the statements that describes the crusades?

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1. One of the crusades conquered Constantinople instead of recapturing Palestine.
2. The crusaders traded eagerly with Muslim merchants in the eastern Mediterranean.
3. The crusaders brought many Muslim ideas back to Europe with them.
4. The crusaders introduced to Europe new agricultural products they learned about from the Muslims.

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The Aztecs offered human sacrifices in order to

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honor the gods and forestall the destruction of the world.

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Unlike the Aztec religion, Inca religion

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had a moral dimension.

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Efforts to forge an alliance between the Mongols and the powers of Europe ended when

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the Mongols converted to Islam.

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One of the most significant impacts of sugarcane production on global economies was

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the increased demand for slave labor.

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The European Renaissance is characterized as

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1. a revival of classical learning.
2. domed cathedrals.
3. naturalistic painting and sculpture.
4. translations of the New Testament.