History 1100 Midterm

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Richard Hakluyt

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English writer. chief promoter of a petition to James I for letters patent to colonize Virginia, which were granted to the Virginia Company in 1606. He is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his works. Wrote Discourse on Western Planting.

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Protestant Reformation

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The movement began as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church. Many western Catholics were troubled by what they saw as false doctrines and malpractices within the Church, particularly involving the teaching and sale of indulgences. Another major contention was the practice of buying and selling church positions (simony) and what was seen at the time as considerable corruption within the Church's hierarchy. begun in 1517 with Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses and may be considered to have ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

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Puritans

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an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety. Puritans felt that the English Reformation had not gone far enough, and that the Church of England was tolerant of practices which they associated with the Church of Rome.

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Balanced Constitution

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establish an autonomous executive, a bicameral legislature, and an independent judiciary, rather than a “unified” government of the sort urged by the French philosophes and intended to express the “will” of the people.

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Toleration Act (1690)

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The Act granted freedom of worship to Nonconformists who had taken the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy and formally rejected transubstantiation i.e., Protestants who dissented from the Church of England such as Baptists and Congregationalists but not to Catholics or Quakers. It allowed Nonconformists their own places of worship and their own teachers and preachers, subject to acceptance of certain oaths of allegiance. It deliberately did not apply to Catholics and non-Trinitarians

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George Whitfield

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an Anglican itinerant minister who helped spread the Great Awakening in Great Britain and, especially, in the British North American colonies.

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Great Awakening

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several periods of rapid and dramatic religious revival in Anglo-American religious history, generally recognized as beginning in the 1730s. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in U.S. religious thought. The term is also used in some respects to refer to American religious revivalism that the Protestant Reformation inspired during and after the 1500s, as well as to identify general religious trends within distinctly U.S. religious culture.

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English Whigs

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became our modern day Liberal Party. Supported aristocratic families and dissenters. Wanted to abolish slavery, create free trade and expand suffrage

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Virtue

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Republican type of gov’t can only exist of it has virtuous peopleput aside self interest and work for good of community. Always on the lookout for corruption (British) looked back to Rome became corrupt and collapsed created fear for UNITED

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Salutary Neglect

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British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, which was meant to keep the American colonies obedient to Great Britain. Prime Minister Robert Walpole stated that "If no restrictions were placed on the colonies, they would flourish" 1607 to 1763, allowed the enforcement of trade relations laws to be lenient. Walpole did not believe in enforcing the Navigation Acts, established under Oliver Cromwell and Charles II and designed to force the colonists to trade only with England. King George III ended this policy through acts such as the Stamp Act and Sugar Act, causing tensions within the colonies. Large contributing factor to Revolutionary War.

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Stamp Act

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required all legal documents, permits, commercial contracts, newspapers, wills, pamphlets, and playing cards in the American colonies to carry a tax stamp. The act was enacted in order to pay for a portion of the costs of maintaining an army in the territories gained in North America during the Seven Years' War. However, colonists protested that a tax laid upon them by a legislature in which they were not represented violated the British constitutional right of no taxation without representation. Colonial resistance to the act led to its repeal on March 18, 1766.

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Battle of Saratoga

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decisive American victories in the American Revolutionary War, resulting in the surrender of an entire British army of over 6,000 men invading New York from Canada. The capture of an entire British army secured the northern American states from further attack via Canada and prevented New England from being isolated. A major result was that France entered the conflict on behalf of the Americans, thus dramatically improving the Americans' chances in the war.

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Republican Motherhood

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centered around the belief that children should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, making them the perfect citizens of the new nation.

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Articles of Confederation

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the constitution of the revolutionary wartime alliance of the thirteen United States of America. The Articles' ratification (proposed in 1777) was completed in 1781, and legally federated several sovereign and independent states, allied under the Articles of Association into a new federation styled the "United States of America". Under the Articles (and the succeeding Constitution) the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the central government.

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Northwest Ordinance

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was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States. The Ordinance unanimously passed on July 13, 1787. The primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River.it established the precedent by which the United States would expand westward across North America by the admission of new states, rather than by the expansion of existing states.

The banning of slavery in the territory had the effect of establishing the Ohio River as the boundary between free and slave territory in the region between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. This division helped set the stage for the balancing act between free and slave states that was the basis of a critical political question in American politics in the 19th century until the Civil War.
Called “empire of liberty” by Jefferson.

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Thoughts of Government

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written by John Adams during the spring of 1776 in response to a resolution of the North Carolina Provincial Congress which requested Adams's suggestions on the establishment of a new government and the drafting of a constitution. insisted that the new constitutions should create balanced gov’ts whose structure would reflect the division of society between the wealthy (represented in upper house) and ordinary men (control lower). Someone would ensure that neither class would get in the way of the other.

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Townshend Act (1767)

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The purpose of the Townshend Acts was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay for governors and judges who would be independent of colonial control, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies.[2] The Townshend Acts met with resistance in the colonies, prompting the occupation of Boston by British troops in 1768, which eventually resulted in the Boston Massacre of 1770.

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Sons of Liberty

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was a secret organization of American patriots which originated in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution. British authorities and their supporters known as Loyalists considered the Sons of Liberty as seditious rebels, referring to them as "Sons of Violence" and "Sons of Iniquity." Patriots attacked the apparatus and symbols of British authority and power such as property of the gentry, customs officers, East India Company tea, and as the war approached, vocal supporters of the Crown.

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Liberty vs Power

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what does it take to be virtuous, free financially independent risk corruption. Fine line. Glorious revolution

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The "divinewatchmaker"

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Deism god just watches. He doesn’t interfere. Introduction of science into religion influenced by greate awakening and scientific revolution. Breaks hold of religion on life and politics (Jefferson=seperation of church and state) elitist movement.

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Anthony Johnson

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former black slave. Bought freedom. Became a tobacco farmer, freedom. Had more power than some white people showed that freedom is based on PROPERTY

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William Byrd

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lived so extravagantly that by 1770 he had accumulated a debt unheard of anywhere in American and England. Son of wealthy planter in England Virginia wealthy elite. Raised and Educated in enland yet still a “hick” in England. Wanted to be like England’s aristocracy, but they were always considered “hick” no colonial or British positions allowedpush towards revolution.

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William Penn's Holy Experiment

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Pennsylvaniaa place where those who were facing religious persecution in England could have spiritual freedom. Colonists and Indians could coexist in harmony. Religious toleration! Development of middle colonies Quakerism. RESTORATION COLONY monarchy has to pay back the people with land to get back thrown. Equalityearly statehood

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Federalist Papers

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85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. serve as a primary source for interpretation of the Constitution, as they outline the philosophy and motivation of the proposed system of government

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Masterless Men

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from Utopia men who are wandering/unemployed danger to society tried to force them into jobs. Economic dependence=servitude. Working for a wage=loss of liberty

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Mayflower Compact

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the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the Separatists later known as the Pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower, seeking the freedom to practice Christianity according to their own determination and not the will of the English Church

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John Locke (2 Treatises on Government)

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Written 1680, little influence in his generation, but very influential in the next. Stated that principles that govered the family were inapporopriate for organizing public life. Instead, gov’t was formed by a mutual agreement among equals (parties of male head of house). In this “social contract, men surrendered a part of their right to govern themselves in order to enjoy the benefits of the rule of law. They retained natural rights (life, liberty, property, family relations, religious preference, economic activity) from interference of state. Rebellion against unjust or oppressive gov’t okay.

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John Peter Zenger

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trial in 1735 freedom of press. His newspaper, Weekly Journal, lambasted the governor for curruption, influence peddling, and tyranny. Found not guilty

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Johnathon Edwards

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during the Enlightenment/great awakening. Known for his passion and emotional connection with god. New and very different style of preaching known best for his speech about how god is angry very moving

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Thomas Payne (Common Sense) (1776)

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Common Sense presented the American colonists with an argument for independence from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided. Paine wrote and reasoned in a style that common people understood; forgoing the philosophy and Latin references used by Enlightenment era writers, Paine structured Common Sense like a sermon and relied on Biblical references to make his case to the people

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Cato's Letters

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george trenchard and Thomas Gordon, published 1720’s. stressed political role of the independent landowner and their warnings against the constant tendency of political power to infringe on liberty.
They declared, “without freedom of thought, there can be no such thing as wisdom, and no such thing as public liberty, without freedom of speech.

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Glorious Revolution (1688)

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1688 established parliamentary supremecy rather than crowning/monarchy. Overthrew king james II (catholic not okay). William (dutch nobleman) and mary an the angelican church rallied, James II fled.
• 1689 parliament=bill of rights included trial by jury
• 1690 toleration act allowed protstant dissenters to worship more religious freedom than colonies
o led to Maryland Uprising
• beginning of salutary neglect

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Intolerable Acts (1774)

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1774 response to Boston Tea Party parliament closed the port of Boston to all trade until the tea was paid for. Parliament empowered military commanders to lodge soldiers in private homes  coercive acts.

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Virtual Representation

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held that each member represented the entire empire (british) rather than just his own district. The interests of all who lived under the British crown were supposedly taken into account.

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Homespun

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created at home in American rather than important from Britian boycott in boston soon spread to other colonies. Greatly appealed to Chesapeake planters

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Shay's Rebellion

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an armed uprising in Central and Western Massachusetts, (mainly Springfield) from 1786 to 1787. The rebels were led by Daniel Shays and known as Shaysites (Regulators), were mostly poor farmers angered by crushing debt and taxes. Failure to repay such debts often resulted in imprisonment in debtor's prisons or the claiming of property by the County.
There was a lack of an institutional response to the uprising, which energized calls to reevaluate the Articles of Confederation and gave strong impetus to the Constitutional Convention which began in May 17, 1787

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Seven Years War

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lasted between 1756–1763 and involved all of the major European powers of the period. The war pitted Prussia and Britain and a coalition of smaller German states against an alliance consisting of Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony.
The war began with Frederick the Great of Prussia's invasion of Saxony. Fighting between Britain, France and their respective allies in North America had broken out in 1754, two years before the general conflict, as part of an Imperial rivalry. The fighting in America is sometimes considered a separate war The French and Indian WarThe war ended France's position as a major colonial power in the Americas (where it lost most of its possessions on the mainland of North America, in addition to some West Indian islands)[2] Prussia confirmed its position in the ranks of the great European powers retaining the formerly Austrian province of Silesia. Great Britain strengthened its territories in India and North America confirming its status as the dominant colonial power.

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Loyalists

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people loyal to British parliament

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Non-importation

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to not import from Britian george Washington said that nonimportation gave the extravagant man an opportunity to retrench his expenses, by reducing the purchase of British luzuries, without having to advertise to his neighbors that he ight be in financial distress. Virginians could maintain the liverty which we have deruved from our ancestors while reducing debt. Temporary ban on importation of slaves (small farms ignored)

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Daughters of Liberty

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helped with boycott women who spun and wove at home so as not to purchase British goods.

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The Albany Congress

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known for Franklins Albany plan of Union 1754 at outbreak of Seven Years’ war, envisioned the creation of a Grand Council composed of delegates from each colony, ith the power to levy taxes and deal with the Indian relations and common defense.

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Regulators

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where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. While unsuccessful, some historians consider it as a catalyst to the American Revolutionary

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Board of Trade

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English board of trade 1740’s attempted to strengthen imperial authority. Demanded that colonial laws fonform to royal instructions and encouraged colonial assemblies to grand paermanent salaries to royal governors. 7 years war suspended initiative.  goal was to enrich mother country. Paid for 7 years war, bill for British protection, and stop cheating the Treasurey by violating navigation acts.

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The English Civil War

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dispute between parliament and royalists king charles 1 trialed and executed as aftermath. Cromwell took over eventually-> monarchy cannot govern without parliaments consent reestablished in GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

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House of Burgesses

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the first elected lower house in the legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619. Over time, the name came to represent the entire official legislative body of the Colony of Virginia, and later, after the American Revolution, the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
• 1619. First representative body in new world. By no means democratic—those in house were wealthy land owners and had little regard for indentured servants and had little interest for others
• In conlict with England government

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Bill of Rights

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first 10 ammendments to the constitution. Introduced by james Madison. Natural rights religion, bear arms, press, etc.

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French Indian War

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Ended Salutary Neglect strengthened Britians control over colonies. Immediate trigger for revolution british wanted to get more control over and more money from colonies. Firm control E of Mississippi. (proclamation line drawn).