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25 Cards in this Set
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Articles Of Confederation |
1777–1781-The Articles of Confederation served as the written document that established the functions of the national government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain. It established a weak central government that mostly, but not entirely, prevented the individual states from conducting their own foreign diplomacy. |
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Northwest Ordinances |
An act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States (the Confederation Congress), passed July 13, 1787. The ordinance created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British Canada and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south. |
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Separation of Powers |
The model was first developed in ancient Greece. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division of branches is into a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in a parliamentary system where the executive and legislature (and sometimes parts of the judiciary) are unified.Separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances. |
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James Madison |
James Madison wrote the first drafts of the U.S. Constitution, co-wrote the Federalist Papers and sponsored the Bill of Rights. He established the Democrat-Republican Party with President Thomas Jefferson, and became president himself in 1808. Madison initiated the War of 1812, and served two terms in the White House with first lady Dolley Madison. He died on June 28, 1836, at the Montpelier estate in Orange County, Virginia. |
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Bank of the United States |
National bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. Establishment of the Bank of the United States was part of a three-part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power, along with a federal mint and excise taxes, championed by Alexander Hamilton, firstSecretary of the Treasury. Hamilton believed a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation's credit, and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution. |
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Battle of Fallen Timbers |
The Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) was the final clash between Native Americans and the United States. Lead by General Anthony Wayne, 4,000 American soldiers fought against tribes such as the Shawnees, Potawatomis, and Ojibwas, all lead by the chief, Little Turtle. The Americans defeated the Indians, leading to the Treaty of Greenville a year later. It ceded new territory to the United States in exchange for formal acknowledgement of Indian possession over certain lands.HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCEAlthough the treaty promised to honor Native American claims to land, it offered a false sense of protection from invasion by Americans moving westward. In addition, the new territory added to the United States made settlement a much easier feat as Americans did not have to defend themselves from attacks by the Natives. This decline in conflict between the Native Americans and the United States proved that the Constitution was better equipped to handle such problems |
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Cotton Gin |
Cotton Gin Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Resulted in more cotton production and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields. |
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Whiskey Rebellion |
In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. |
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Jay Treaty |
a treaty which offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S. and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians.was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts. |
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Democratic Republican Party |
Mostly Southerners led by Thomas Jefferson, believed the people should have political power, favored strong state governments, emphasized agriculture, favored strict interpretation of the constitution, were pro-french, opposed national bank, and opposed protective tariff |
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Quasi War |
undeclared war between the U.S. and France. The American's built up their forces and Navy and spent the next 2 years attacking French shipping and capture nearly ninety French vessels, while the French did the same. But Adams avoided real war because he believed that it would divide the colonies and lead to a civil war. Adams sent another delegation to negotiate a peaceful end. This was a good call because it may have jeopardized the American purchase of Louisiana in 1803. |
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Alien and Sedition Acts |
ActsThese consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts. |
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
Were put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These were secretly made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts. These also brought about the later compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government. |
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Marbury v Madison |
The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789). |
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Louisiana Purchase |
an agreement between the French and the US to give the Louisiana Territory, including the Port of New Orleans, to the US for $15 million dollars (3 cents/acre). the US wished to gain the territory because of the economic advantages of the Mississippi River and port of New Orleans and also because of Manifest Destiny; the French were willing to give up the territory because they needed money for costly wars in Europe |
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Sacajawea |
A Native American woman who traveled with Lewis and Clark throughout the North American continent. She was a translator, interpreter, and a guide in unfamiliar or unexplored territory. |
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First Barbary War |
President Jefferson sent a naval squadron to resolve the issue of the constant attacks on the trading vessels by pirates from the North African Barbary states (1801). After failing to achieve most of its military objectives, the administration signed an 1805 treaty ending the war. |
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Embargo Act |
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britian and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and siezing U.S. ship's and men. The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Pres. Jefferson hoped to weaken Brittian and France by stopping trade. The Embargo Act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It was repealed in 1809. The Embargo Act helped to revive the Federalists. It caused New England's industry to grow. It eventually led to the War of 1812. |
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War Hawks |
Congressman from the South and West who pushed for war against the British and war defense of "national honor " and to rid the Northwest of the Indian problems |
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Battle of New Orleans |
January, 1815 - A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson's troops at New Orleans. Jackson had been given the details of the British army's battle plans by the French pirate, Jean Laffite. About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only 8 men were killed. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism |
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Adams-Onis Treaty |
Established western boundary for US and prevented Seminoles from invading Georgia. This was also know as the Florida Purchase Treaty and the Transcontinental Treaty. Under its terms, the US paid Spain $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized America's claims to the Oregon Country, and the US surrendered its claim to northern Mexico (Texas). |
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Missouri Compromise |
1820, The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. |
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American System |
The three-part plan developed by Henry Clay that stressed a strong banking system, protective tariffs, and a network of roads and canals. Clay's plan was essential in developing a profitable home market. This home market enabled America to become a self-sufficient, isolated country, |
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Monroe Doctrine |
A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. It also stated that any attempt to interfere with any nation in the Americans would be seen by the United States as an act of hostility against us. |
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Tariff of Abominations |
Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South; The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings. |
