History 106 Final

Front 1

July Crisis

Back 1

a diplomatic crisis among the major powers of Europe in the summer of 1914 that led to the First World War, where Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb nationalist, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

Front 2

Shlieffen Plan

Back 2

A strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts

Front 3

Western Front (stalemate)

Back 3

the deadlock on the Western Front during the First World War

Front 4

Trench Warfare

Back 4

A form of combat where armies fight each other from opposing fortified positions, usually consisting of long, dugout holes or trenches

Front 5

Total War

Back 5

A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, esp. one in which the laws of war are disregarded

Front 6

War at Sea

Back 6

the naval war in the Atlantic during World War II

Front 7

Verdun

Back 7

a battle in World War I (1916); in some of the bloodiest fighting in World War I the German offensive was stopped

Front 8

The Somme

Back 8

took place during the First World War between 1 July and 18 November 1916 in the Somme department of France

Front 9

German Spring Offensive

Back 9

Spring Offensive that happened in 1918 was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War. The Spring Offensive was huge, but unfortunately unsuccessful.
The main goal to be achieved by this offensive was to divide French armies and British Empire, and defeat them before the arrival of American support.

Front 10

Hindenburg & Ludendorf

Back 10

H: German field marshal and statesman; president of the Weimar Republic
L: German general; chief of staff to General von Hindenburg during World War I

Front 11

Armistice

Back 11

a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms

Front 12

What Is To Be Done?
Lenin and Marxism

Back 12

a political pamphlet, by Vladimir Lenin published in 1902

Front 13

February Revolution

Back 13

the revolution against the czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917

Front 14

Bolsheviks

Back 14

a Russian member of the left-wing majority group that followed Lenin and eventually became the Russian communist party

Front 15

Mensheviks

Back 15

A member of the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party, opposed to the Bolsheviks and defeated by them after the overthrow of the tsar in 1917

Front 16

Rasputin

Back 16

Siberian peasant monk who was religious advisor in the court of Nicholas II; was assassinated by Russian noblemen who feared that his debauchery would weaken the monarchy

Front 17

Provisional Govt

Back 17

A government that is formed temporarily until a permanent one is created

Front 18

Alexander Kerensky

Back 18

Russian revolutionary who was head of state after Nicholas II abdicated but was overthrown by the Bolsheviks

Front 19

Petrograd Soviet

Back 19

representative body of the city's workers.

Front 20

Army Order #1

Back 20

was the first official decree of The Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. The order was issued following the February Revolution in response to actions taken the day before by the Provisional Committee of the State Duma.

Front 21

Kornilov Affair

Back 21

attempted coup d'état by the then Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, General Lavr Kornilov, in August 1917 against the Russian Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky

Front 22

October Revolution

Back 22

the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922

Front 23

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Back 23

peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918 between Russia and the Central Powers, headed by Germany, marking Russia's exit from World War I.

Front 24

Leon Trotsky

Back 24

helped to organize the October Revolution with Lenin and built up the Red Army. Expelled from the party by Stalin in 1927, he was exiled in 1929

Front 25

Red Army

Back 25

The army of the former Soviet Union, formed after the revolution of 1917

Front 26

Civil War

Back 26

a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party

Front 27

White Russians (the people, not the mixed drink!)

Back 27

Russians who were opposed the Bolshevik movement after the October 1917 revolution

Front 28

War Communism

Back 28

the country's economy was almost totally directed toward equipping and maintaining the Red Army

Front 29

Cheka

Back 29

the name given to Lenin's secret police. It later became the KGB

Front 30

New Economic Policy

Back 30

an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin to prevent the Russian economy from collapsing. It meant that Russia returned to a partly capitalist society. This sorted out the problems of mass starvation and Famine which War communism had caused

Front 31

Comintern

Back 31

An international association of Communist parties, established in 1919 by Lenin

Front 32

Thomas Masaryk

Back 32

an Austro-Hungarian and Czechoslovak politician, sociologist and philosopher, who as an eager advocate of Czechoslovak independence during World War I became the founder and first President of Czechoslovakia

Front 33

National self-determination

Back 33

nations have the right to freely decide on their sovereignty and international political status without external compulsion or outside interference

Front 34

John Maynard Keynes

Back 34

British economist whose ideas have profoundly affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, as well as the economic policies of governments

Front 35

Weimar Constitution

Back 35

constitution that governed Germany during the Weimar Republic

Front 36

Weimar Coalition

Back 36

coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the German Democratic Party (DDP), and the Catholic Centre Party, who together had a large majority of the delegates to the Constituent Assembly that met at Weimar in 1919

Front 37

Occupation of the Ruhr

Back 37

by troops from France and Belgium, was a response to the failure of the German Weimar Republic under Chancellor Cuno to pay reparations in the aftermath of World War I.

Front 38

SA

Back 38

Nazi militia created by Hitler in 1921 that helped him to power but was eclipsed by the SS after 1943

Front 39

Beer Hall Putsch

Back 39

The name given to the attempt by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party to start an armed revolution against the German government in Munich, Germany, on November 8–9, 1923, which led to Hitler’s arrest and imprisonment

Front 40

Stresemann

Back 40

German liberal politician and statesman who served as Chancellor and Foreign Minister during the Weimar Republic. He was co-laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926.

Front 41

Locarno Pact

Back 41

Agreement signed in 1925 by Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Poland and Czechoslovakia, guaranteeing international boundaries and re-affirming the Treaty of Versailles

Front 42

Paul von Hindenburg

Back 42

German field marshal and statesman; as president of the Weimar Republic he reluctantly appointed Hitler as chancellor in 1933

Front 43

Lateran Accords

Back 43

three agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See, ratified June 7, 1929, ending the "Roman Question".

Front 44

“Red Years”

Back 44

a two year period, between 1919 and 1920, of intense social conflict in Italy. The Biennio Rosso was followed by the extremely violent reaction of the Fascist blackshirts militia and eventually by the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini in 1922.

Front 45

Italian Socialist Party (PSI)

Back 45

a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy founded in Genoa in 1892.

Front 46

Catholic Popular Party (PPI)

Back 46

The PPI was the second largest Italian political party after the PSI at the time

Front 47

Fasci di combattimento

Back 47

an Italian "fascio" organization, created by Benito Mussolini in 1919. After World War I had ended, he reconstituted the Milan fascio, renaming it Fasci italiani di combattimento.

Front 48

National Fascist Party (PNF)

Back 48

an Italian party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of fascism

Front 49

Squads (or Squadrism)

Back 49

government by armed squadrons of supporters or party members

Front 50

March on Rome

Back 50

a march by which Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power in the Kingdom of Italy.The march took place from October 27 to October 29, 1922