History 106 Exam #2

Front 1

Manifest Destiny

Back 1

idea that America was destined by God to spread across country: Atlantic to the Pacific

Front 2

William Seward

Back 2

Lincoln's secretary of state, makes two important purchases:
1) midway islands
2) alaska

Front 3

Frederick Jackson Turner

Back 3

-writes about frontier; "made americans who they are"

Front 4

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Back 4

wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History"
-analyzing role of the navy
-navy = key to nation's assuming power

Front 5

Queen Liliuokalani

Back 5

-native hawaiian, strong nationalist
-activities anger sugar planters

Front 6

Hawaiian Revolution

Back 6

-overthrow queen with backing of u.S. troops and navy
-take control of the islands; annexed to the U.S.

Front 7

Open Door Notes

Back 7

-suggestions from U.S. to europe about what to do in China.
-wanted free trade; two notes:
1) China open and free for all trade
2) Asks european powers/japan to respect china's borders; trade with china but not dominating

Front 8

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Back 8

-puts addition onto monroe doctrine
-U.S. will now assume a police power (keep order/ensure political power)

Front 9

Panama Canal

Back 9

1906; wanted to build a canal through central america; much faster, better for trade

Front 10

Cuba Libre

Back 10

"free cuba"
-attempt to free cuba from spanish colonization
-crush rebellion from military force
-U.S. agitation to help Cuba

Front 11

Jingo

Back 11

-name coined to refer to people that were pro-war
-wanted to help cuba (happened during administration of McKinley)

Front 12

U.S.S. Maine

Back 12

U.S. has interest and wants to protect citizens in Cuba

Front 13

De Lome Letter

Back 13

intercepted communication from Cuba
-calls McKinley a 'would be' politician
-insults president, no intention of changing policy
-increases clamor for war (insulted by spain)

Front 14

Yellow Journalism

Back 14

-refers to sensationalized journalism that riles up people's emotions
-owned by joesph pulitzer and william randolph hearst

Front 15

Teller Amendement

Back 15

-statement saying that they will not annex cuba
-wanted to make it free and individual
-soliders from northa and south come together (unifies country)

Front 16

Admiral George Dewey

Back 16

-roosevelt orders him to go to harbor in phillipines
-sinks entire spanish fleet in a manner of hours
-most important victory in the war

Front 17

Rough Riders

Back 17

-volunteer regiment led by teddy roosevelt
-wins important battle for war
-makes roosevelts career memorable

Front 18

Emilio Aguinaldo

Back 18

leader of philipino revolt

Front 19

Treaty of Paris

Back 19

Spain and U.S. neogtiated, U.S. gains phillipines for $20 mil

Front 20

Anti-Imperialist League

Back 20

-formed in Boston; ratification for treaty of paris
-took over Puerto Rico, Guam, and Phillipines
-included labor leaders, reformers, and intellectuals
3 reasons it opposed American imperialism:
1) went aganist democratic principles
2) labor leaders afraid puerto ricans and phillipines would take away jobs
3) race: uncomfortable about annexing people of color

Front 21

Philippine Insurrection

Back 21

-U.S. not fighting war ships; fighting in villages and fields trying to get control of country
-burning of villages and non-combatants (25,000 philipinos died)
-lasted until 1902; military force from U.S. suppressed revolt

Front 22

Nationalism

Back 22

-pride in the nation
-resulted in different countries getting on top

Front 23

Self-determination

Back 23

-people determine own form of government
-opposite of colonialism (self-governing)
-called upon by european countries

Front 24

Balance of Power

Back 24

-idea that among european nations; they dont want one having too much power
-joined alliances; etc
-In WWI, balance of power went to being unbalanced

Front 25

First Modern War

Back 25

-first war that looks like a real war
-air-warfare, tanks, machine guns, poison gas, and loss of life

Front 26

Trench warfare

Back 26

long narrow hole in the ground ( not sanitary)
-live there and shoot over trench across battlefield at other trench
-to gain land they had to leave trench(usually resulted in death)

Front 27

Allied Powers

Back 27

Britain, France, Russia (belief of fighting forces of darkness)
*U.S. more inclined to british side because of naval blockade aganist central powers)

Front 28

Central Powers

Back 28

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Front 29

U-boat warfare

Back 29

*submarines-new technology*
-germans began using it aganist british naval blockade
-germans went aganist rules of warfare and sank ships without warning (not fighting by normal rules of war)

Front 30

Lusitania

Back 30

British ocean liner with many U.S. passengers
-germans sink it; death toll 1200, 128 americans
-causes more outrage in U.S.; makes germany our enemy

Front 31

"He Kept Us Out of War"

Back 31

1916 Woodrow Wilson runs for re-election
-this was his campaign slogan; NOT going to war
-promises peace; wins election

Front 32

Zimmermann Telegram

Back 32

-intercepted diplomatic communication between germany and mexico(germany promises mexico land that ws previously taken)
-Wilson gets info about this
-causes huge outrage in the U.S. when Wilson releases telegram to press

Front 33

"Making the world safe for democracy"

Back 33

1917: U.S. ENTERS WAR

-Wilson says that declaring war will make it safe
-idealistic quest; coming in on the "right" side

1918: U.S. TROOPS ARRIVE-weakening Germans

Front 34

Influenze epidemic

Back 34

outbreak of deadly strain of Flu (675 thousand from U.S. die)
-American soliders carry flu into Europe; becomes pandemic

1918: GERMANY & AUSTRIA-HUNGARY SURRENDER

Front 35

The draft

Back 35

instituted in 1917; men of certain age HAVE to go to war
-progressivism: argues that it will unify americans
-drafted poor and uneducated from rural areas
*blacks kept in segregated units*

Front 36

IQ tests

Back 36

developed for draft (same set of conerns for eugenics)
-well over half labeled inferior
-flaws of test: 30% were illiterate (not elite)

Front 37

War bonds

Back 37

investing in government; patriotic thing to do (Uncle Sam)

Front 38

Dollar-a-year men

Back 38

people from private industries working on head of a war board
-volunteering their time; worked for a dollar a year
-blending private interest and government

Front 39

War Industries Board

Back 39

Run by dollar-a-year men
-told when to cut production and when to put more towards the war
*Ford was told to stop making cars(using too much iron)

Front 40

United Railways Administration

Back 40

Government takes over railroad for time of war
-centralize production schedule (rationalize and control)

Front 41

War Labor Board

Back 41

In exchange for unions not striking
-gave child labor laws and 8 hour work days
-centralized economy

Front 42

Committee on Public Information

Back 42

Sends out "Four-minute men"
-speak about war, publish about germans
-supposed to help americans understand the war (demonizes the enemy)

Front 43

The Espionage Act and the Sedition Act

Back 43

Put penalities for spying
-speaking out aganist war and draft (could be prisoned)

Front 44

Fourteen Points

Back 44

Wilson's idea about how the peace settlement should be constructed
-wanted treaties to be open, free trade, end to colonialism, self-determination
-14th POINT: CREATION OF INTERNATIONAL BODY OF NATIONS (prevent war), Wilson got very little of what he wanted

Front 45

Versailles Treaty

Back 45

Extremely harsh on Germany (accept blame)
-Germany had to pay off war debts
-chain of domestic upheaval

Front 46

League of Nations

Back 46

Precursor to United Nations
-branched off of Wilson's 14th point; republicans want nothing to do with this, erosin of american soverignty
-Congress refuses to join (Wilson leaves presidency after stroke)

Front 47

Reaction and Rebellion

Back 47

1) Harlem Renaissance ---> Resurgence of KKK
2) the New Woman ---> Religious fundamentalism/ Scopes Trial
3) Bootlegging ---> Prohibition/ Immigration Acts
4) Literary Modernism ---> The Red Scare(fear of foreign radicals)

Front 48

Scopes Trial

Back 48

Major Players:
-John Scopes
-william jennings bryan: prosecuting attorney
-darrow: defense attorney

Front 49

Butler Act

Back 49

Outlaw teaching of evoltuion in public schools (branched from tennessee law)
-denying divine creation
PASSED IN 1925; evolution seen as threat to christians

Front 50

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

Back 50

Formed during red scare
-fight for 1st amendemtn
-believe Butler Act is aganist 1st amendemnt; put word out aganist it

Front 51

John Scopes

Back 51

Taught evolutionism in schools

Front 52

William Jennings Bryan

Back 52

Anti-evolutionism
-involved in Scopes trial; defends statute and prosecutes Scope

Front 53

Clarence Darrow

Back 53

Celebrity lawyer for high profile cases
-gets involved in Scopes Trial; Darrow goes after Bryan ---> pushes Bryan into a corner and makes him admit there is room for interpretation
-Scope found guilty and is fined

Front 54

Great Migration

Back 54

Movement of African Americans from south to the north(happened during WWI)
-push factors: segregation, violence
-pull factors: factory labor, hiring for work
-1/2 million move north to chicago and NY (shift from rural to urban nation)

Front 55

Harlem

Back 55

Neighborhood in NY, center of Harlem Renaissance
-African American entreprenuers mover there (70% black owned)

Front 56

NAACP

Back 56

Move their offices to NY
-W.E.B. Du Bois editor of journal for NAACP

Front 57

The New Negro

Back 57

Comes from a book by Alain Locke
1) proud of his/her race; black culture
2) new negro will not compromise; asserting equal rights

Front 58

Alain Locke

Back 58

wrote "Advanced Guard of Black People"
-coins "new negro" term

Front 59

Langston Hughes

Back 59

writes poem "The Negro Speaks of Rivers"
-african ancestry and pride shone through in this poem
-appreciation of africa as an origin

Front 60

Claude McKay

Back 60

From Jamacia; radical strong adversarial stance aganist racism
-Writes poem "If we must die"
-wants to fight back and not be quiet about the mater

Front 61

Zora Neale Hurston

Back 61

novelist; traveled as anthropologist at Coloumbia
-gathered folk tales
-reconstructed and learned vernacular of southern speech

Front 62

Spirituals

Back 62

church songs sung in African churches
-contained emotional truth of what it was like to be african american
-soon published and constructed into poetry

Front 63

Patrons (angels)

Back 63

wealthier white person whom taken interest in black artists (gives support and money)
-patrons wanted certain things from them that they sometimes couldn't deliver
-ex: Charolette Osgood Mason sponsored Hurston and Hughes; hughes didnt want this and broke ties from Osgood

Front 64

Jazz

Back 64

musical creativity (open and free form; improv)
-Jazz Age(1920s)
-started in new orleans and traveled to chicago

Front 65

Cotton Club

Back 65

Whites came into harlem; only served white clients
-black performers allowed in (jungle motif)
-recreated racial hierarchy

Front 66

Ragtime

Back 66

Raggedy time; first origin of Jazz
-taking a marching band(military) and changing the speed of the undertone

Front 67

Creole Culture

Back 67

Mixture of spanish, french, and african
-often spoke french, classically trained in music

Front 68

Jelly Roll Morton

Back 68

Acknowledges Jazz has spanish roots
-starts band in Chicago called "red hot peppers"
-innovator and create musician; really knows how to self promote

Front 69

Louis Armstrong

Back 69

first great jazz soloist on cornet and trumpet
-claims to have invented 'scat singing'
-popular in jazz music; becomes first "jazz rockstar"

Front 70

Duke Ellington

Back 70

Makes a career in NY at the cotton club
-beginning of big band era (band leader)
-popular in the swing era

Front 71

The Crash (& reasons for it )

Back 71

stock market crash of 1929; wrong within the economy
-warning signs:
*dropping farm prices
*industry consolidation
*5-13% unemployment , etc

Front 72

Buying on margain

Back 72

only pay a small percentage of the price of share that you are buying
-pay 10%, wait for price to go up, and sell to make money

Front 73

Black Tuesday

Back 73

October 29, 1929
-10 billion dollars lost in one day; wealth was vanishing

Front 74

Federal Reserve Bank

Back 74

central bank that controls interest banks; created in 1913
-wanted to tighten credit and raise interest rates (only made problems worse)

Front 75

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

Back 75

Raised tariffs to collect more revenue for the government
-raised prices on good from Europe; Europe then puts tariff on American goods

Front 76

Breadline

Back 76

People who have no income, wait in line for charitable groups to offer relief or bread
-tremendous amount of shame standing in these lines
-unemployment numbers are rising very quickly
(marriage, divorce, and birth rates drop)

Front 77

Dust Bowl

Back 77

Settlement beyond 98th meridian; dry land
-wind blew dust everywhere "Black blizzards"
-drove people away from settling

Front 78

Bonus Army

Back 78

Veterans of WWI were promised bonuses
-17,000 come to see if they could get their bonus 13 years ahead of time

Front 79

Herbert Hoover

Back 79

Republican; election of 1928
-great administrator, $700 million in works
-orders real army to get rid of protesters from the bonus army

Front 80

Associationalism

Back 80

Government acting as a middle man
-steering people to private charities
-believes they don't have direct responsibility
-strong belief of free market to correct itself

Front 81

Hoovervilles

Back 81

Poor village; dilapidated shacks
-very sarcastic to Hoover, blamed Hoover for depression

Front 82

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Back 82

Basically all he had to do was stay alive to get elected
-struck with polio, lost motor skills, didn't want his handicap televised or printed on newspapers
-against prohibition, served 4 terms (13 years)

Front 83

Fireside Chats

Back 83

Intimate conversations FDR held over the radio
-wanted to educate people; saw everyone as his friend

Front 84

First New Deal

Back 84

Responded to immediate emergency of the great depression
-4 aspects:
1) bank holiday/banking reforms
2) agricultural adjustment act(AAA)
3) National Recovery Administration (NRA)
4) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Front 85

First Hundred Days

Back 85

1st step is to help banks/ stabilize financial system
-gives banks the day off, allows solvent ones to re-open; makes banks stronger

Front 86

21st Amendment

Back 86

Repeals prohibition; gave people the ability to drink again

Front 87

Bank Act of 1933 (FDIC)

Back 87

Federal Deposit Insurance Consolidation
-if bank goes under, your money is insured

Front 88

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Back 88

1934; looks at trading practices on wall street
-implements reforms on wall street
-making stocks a lot more safe

Front 89

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Back 89

Attempt to help farmers
-pays farmers NOT to cultivate their land
-cut out supply = more demand = raised prices
-beginning of farm subsidy system

Front 90

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Back 90

Aimed at businesses
-voluntary; sets industry codes(hours worked, prices)
-becomes very controversial, seen as interference

Front 91

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Back 91

Aimed at unemployed young men
-put them to work; paid $30 a month, send $20 home to families
-did a lot of manual labor (build roads, parks, public works, etc)

Front 92

Second New Deal

Back 92

Focused on social reform
-response from pressure from 'left' on Roosevelt
-wide spread systemic change

Front 93

Dr. Francis Townsend

Back 93

Medical doctor, comes up with pension plan idea
-monthly payment of $200 dollars to anyone over 60
-wanted to support the elderly

Front 94

Father Charles Coughlan

Back 94

Catholic priest; 'radio priest'
-had a very famous radio show
-many people became infatuated with him (30-40 million listeners)
-started out supporting FDR and banking; 1935: breaks with FDR, presents himself as people's savior
-overtime gets more and more radical; blames Jews for what they did to the economy, gets radio program taken away

Front 95

Huey Long

Back 95

Governor/spectator from Louisiana
-spend enormous amounts of money to modernize Louisiana
-"share the wealth" plan; not economically feasible; huge tax on the wealthy, redistributing the wealth
*assassinated in 1935

Front 96

Social Security

Back 96

Money taken directly out of paycheck, held in trust, given back when retirement age is reached
-based on work and employment; helps with poverty
-offers direct aid to families with dependent children

Front 97

Works Progess Adminsitration (WPA)

Back 97

Starts in 1935, hires people to do public worked projects
-hire older people and women(sometimes)
-pay people to improve government property
-finds artists and writers to produce works

Front 98

Dorothea Lange

Back 98

Photographer paid by WPA to document conditions
-creates record of support for New Deal

Front 99

Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)

Back 99

Strengthens labor and unions
-outlaws black listing, provides rights to organize unions and collective bargaining

Front 100

Home Owners' Loan Corporation/ Federal Housing Authority

Back 100

Loans to houses in certain areas
-mostly neighborhoods with common goods

Front 101

Redlining

Back 101

Wont support loans on houses in certain areas

Front 102

Eleanor Roosevelt

Back 102

FDR's wife, photographed publicly with a group of white people
-1st first lady to hold her own press conference, only women reporters were allowed to attend
-had a newspaper column called "My Day"
-functioned as a pipe line for progressive reformer women

Front 103

Franics Perkins

Back 103

Secretary of Labor- 1st female cabinet member
-responsible for laws outlawing child labor

Front 104

Fair Labor of Standards Act

Back 104

Sets minimum wage, max hours, and NO child labor
-builds upon Wagner act

Front 105

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Back 105

Unit within federation of labor
-formed by industry; skilled worker ---> beginning man
-begins to give benefits to workers

Front 106

Welfare captialism

Back 106

Made up to treat workers better so they don't go on strike
-raises workers expectations

Front 107

Sit-down strike

Back 107

workers sat down on the job
-posses the plant, cant move you out because you're on the equipment
-biggest one at GM plant in Flint, MI

Front 108

Flint Strike

Back 108

Biggest strike in General Motors
-people brought them food through the windows
-government calls militia to protect the workers
-GM folds and recognizes the union

Front 109

Court-packing scheme

Back 109

FDR mad at the supreme court
-added more justices to the court, new one for every one over 70. increased 9 people ---> 15 people
-everyone saw through this, upholds Wagner act and social security
-supreme court gave FDR more latitude

Front 110

Roosevelt Recession

Back 110

Starts to cut spending; economy nose dives

Front 111

John Maynard Keynes

Back 111

Argues that deficit spending is OK.
-hard times government should spend to put money in pockets of consumers
-spending more than you take in

Front 112

Liberalism

Back 112

Active role for the state (Federal Government)
-Focus on social welfare (aid to unemployed)
-Support of Labor
-Willingness for deficit spending
-New Liberal coalition comes out of the new deal

Front 113

Perpetual war economy

Back 113

Military spending powers economy
-devotes large parts of economy to defense spending
-on going non stop military spending

Front 114

Fascism

Back 114

3 main points:
1) Strict social and economic control: close in
2) Strong centralized government: dictatorship
3) Policy of belligerent nationalism: warlike
-was seen as very threatening and problematic

Front 115

Benito Mussolini

Back 115

From Italy, very attractive for belligerent nationalism
-attacks Ethiopia

Front 116

Adolf Hitler/Third Reich

Back 116

Germany saddled with a lot of war debt (becomes economically and socially depressed)
-1933: Adolf Hitler comes into power, believes that Jews ruined country.
-Government called Third Reich; supposed to last 1,000 years (portrays germans as super race)

Front 117

General Tojo

Back 117

japanese; very sympathetic to racism
-wants Japan to become a major world power
-1930s: attempting to expand across asia

Front 118

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Back 118

Japan going to take over neighboring countries
-to extract resources, man power
-believes they are the leading power; trying to conquer other countries

Front 119

Isolationism

Back 119

Started with George Washington's farewell address
-America should mind its own business; don't get involved in foreign wars and affairs

Front 120

Neutrality Act

Back 120

1935, intended to ensure that the U.S. remains neutral
-"cannot sell arms to countries that are engaged in war"
-unpopular with companies: didn't like being told who they can sell to
1938: HITLER ANNEXES AUSTRIA

Front 121

Lebensraum

Back 121

"Living Room", germans need more space to live and expand
-theory that underlies annexation of austria
-wants to take control of Sudetenland, bring germans into on land.
1938: HITLER TAKES CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Front 122

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Back 122

Between Hitler and Soviet Russia (you will not attract eachother)
-hitler wants to neutralize russia
-hitler conquers poland after pact

Front 123

Cash and Carry

Back 123

amendment made to neutrality act
-limited arms sales to U.S. allies

Front 124

Blitzkreig

Back 124

"lightning war" overwhelming assault (air,land, water)
-expands borders across all of europe
*Nazi's force France to surrender in same railway car that Germans surrendered in 1800s

Front 125

America First

Back 125

Isolationist group
-Charles Linburg; very involved with this group
-idea: to put American interest first; only care about America

Front 126

Lend Lease Program

Back 126

Gives arms ammunition to Britain without payment
"If your neighbors house is on fire, you would lend your garden hose"

1941: GERMANY ATTACKS RUSSIA, russia buys arms from U.S.

Front 127

Pearl Harbor

Back 127

December 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, HI
-sinks 200 American aircraft; destroys isolationist settlement in U.S.

AMERICA GOES TO WAR WITH GERMANY AND JAPAN

Front 128

Atlantic Charter

Back 128

Signed by Britain and U.S.; condemned Nazi aggression

Front 129

Four Freedoms

Back 129

shorthand for what we were fighting for:
1) Freedom of Speech
2) Freedom of Worship
3) Freedom from want
4) Freedom from fear

Front 130

Battle of Midway

Back 130

June, 1942 Small island exactly in middle between Asia and U.S. (owned by U.S.)
-1942: U.S. breaks international code and finds out about attack on Midway Island
-U.S. ambushes Japanese fleet on its way there, sinking 4 carriers, 1 cruiser, and 3 destroyers
-U.S. tips Japans advantage --> shifts to U.S. on the offensive

Front 131

Amphibious landings

Back 131

Encouraged by Douglas MacArthur
-go in and and fight on the ground as well
-troops move from sea onto the land; hand to hand combat

Front 132

Douglas MacArthur

Back 132

General in control

Front 133

Guadalcanal

Back 133

6 months of fighting, backed up by planes to take over this island

Front 134

Iwo Jima

Back 134

1945, small island very close to Japan
-Marines conquer and put up american flag
-iconic moment in american history
-lost 1/3 of marines to gain land
(Americans would cut off the Japanese ears as souvenirs)

Front 135

Japanese Internment

Back 135

1942; japanese put into internment camps because they thought they were working for the japanese to infiltrate military plants

Front 136

Issei/ Nissei

Back 136

Issei: 1st generation; born in japan, came to america
(not eligible for citizenship)
Nissei: 2nd generation; born in the U.S, have citizenship

Front 137

Executive Order 9066

Back 137

February, 1942
-orders exclusion of any person of Japanese ancestry from designated military areas (west coast)

Front 138

War Relocation Authority

Back 138

Transfers Japanese population, must report to relocation center
-huge economic boom for people not affected
- 10,000 people forced to migrate (first taken to holding camps, then dispersed to interment camps

Front 139

Rosie the Riveter

Back 139

Makes a clear argument that you cant win the war without women
-slogan: "We can do it"
-many women entered the work force, created a new sense that women could play a vital role

Front 140

Office of War Information

Back 140

Charged with promoting patriotism through propaganda

Front 141

Office of Price Administration

Back 141

Rations for meat, fats, fish, coffee
-wanted people to carpool to save gas

Front 142

War Production Board

Back 142

Forbids domestic production of cars
-creating trucks for use over in Europe
-very strong government control over economy

Front 143

National War Labor Board

Back 143

Has authority to seize plants and rioters
-opposes 30 day cooling off period
-direct government control of economy

Front 144

Germany First Strategy

Back 144

Waited until they slowed or stopped Germany than turned to Pacific
-axis powers taken all of continental Europe and North Africa
-German u-boats in control

Front 145

The Big Three

Back 145

1) Great Britain (Churchill)
2) United States (Roosevelt)
3) Soviet Union (Stalin)
-Stalin running communist system, any negotiation with him felt criminal
-Stalin wants U.S. troops to fight Germans in France
-U.S. and Britain wanted to start with North Africa
-Stalin feels betrayed because he doesn't think they feel Russia is important

Front 146

GIs

Back 146

Government Issue; basic name given to any solider
-entailed: 8 weeks of basic trainings, move rapidly from civilian life to combat training
-GI's pulled from all walks of life

Front 147

World War II platoon

Back 147

Group of different ethnicities
-learn to live and work together
-all american values got stronger throughout the war

Front 148

Women's Auxiliary Corps (WAC)

Back 148

Given full military standing (non combat)
-break out of traditional gender roles
-valued quite a bit from army and navy

Front 149

Dwight Eisenhower

Back 149

Really good at organizing and planning (very likeable to rally troops)
-plans invasion of north africa, eventually a success
-push out axis armies through boot of italy
1943: ITALY SURRENDERS

Front 150

D-Day

Back 150

June 6th, 1944: Attack on the beaches of Normandy, France
-enormous landing on beaches, fighting right away
-Hitler didnt believe it was the actual advance and delayed his troops for a day or two
-Took two months before breaking through German lines

Front 151

Incendiary air bombing

Back 151

Bomb that starts a fire
-dropped from air, immediately starts fire
-1940,1941 germany uses these on london
-germans broke tradition of not bombing civilian areas

Front 152

Dresden

Back 152

Bombed in 1945, destroyed entire city killing 100,000 people
-done to many german cities
-part of assault eventually bringing germany to surrender
1945: FDR WINS RE-ELECTION

Front 153

Yalta Conference

Back 153

February, 1945: big three meet again in Yalta, Russia
-roosevelt makes a deal with stalin
-russia granted territory with promise to enter pacific war
-russia granted parts of poland and china (FDR sells out poland)
-fragile alliance; didnt want Stalin to turn against them
1945: FDR DIES (national mourning)

Front 154

Harry S. Truman

Back 154

Senator from Missouri before becoming VP
-becomes President after FDR dies
-not really kept up on any army plans, doesn't have much experience

Front 155

Potsdam Conference

Back 155

War ends, split up territory
-Russia wants to control Germany entirely
-Britain wants a free germany
-Germany eventually divided into military zones

Front 156

Holocaust

Back 156

Hitler believed the German's problem was the Jews
-exterminated over 6 million Jews
-only 21,000 Jews made it into U.S. during war
-feared they made too much noise, they would be "punished" by antisemitism

Front 157

Foundation of Israel

Back 157

Idea: let refugees settle in Palestine

Front 158

Manhattan Project

Back 158

Developed technology for U.S. military
-scientists who created this came to help U.S. because they didn't want it in the hands of Germany
-2 million dollars to create bomb

Front 159

Atomic Bomb

Back 159

Developing, testing, ans using time span was very short
-needed full war power

*Churchill and Truman decide to drop the bombs

Front 160

Kamikaze Pilot

Back 160

First suicide bombers, fly into american ships to blow them up
-amphibious invasion of Japan is going to be costly

Front 161

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Back 161

-August 6th, 1945: Atomic bomb "Little Boy" is dropped on Hiroshima, kills 140,000-200,000
-August 9th, 1945: Atomic bomb "Fat Man" is dropped on Nagasaki, kills 60,0000
-force/heat explosion vaporizes and heat kills anyone in a mile radius
-radiation kills many after
*AUGUST 14, 1945: JAPAN SURRENDERS

Front 162

Legacies of the war

Back 162

1) Emergence of U.S. as global superpower (only left standing after WWII)
2) Holocaust/ Finding Israel (loosen racial changes)
3) Atomic Age (Changes relationships between nations, changes cultures in U.S.)

Front 163

Jackie Robinson

Back 163

1st black player in major league baseball(1947)
-comes 2 years after war --> changing circumstances

Front 164

Cold War

Back 164

Sustained tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union that lasts 40 years
-uber narrative: structures all politics, literature, culture
-conflict between U.S. and sovite union takes over the balance of power

Front 165

Bretton Woods (2 types)

Back 165

Conference during war; meeting between allies that establishes:
1) International Monetary Fund (stabilize world currencies; pays exchange rates to U.S. dollar)
2) World Bank ( invest in international economies; developing nations)

Front 166

United Nations

Back 166

Founded to promote international cooperation
-51 nations meet in San Francisco
-U.S. taking on leadership role by hosting event
-ensuring peace within the world; dedicated to preventing WWIII

Front 167

Security Council

Back 167

Main governing body in U.S.
-started will 11, grew to 15
-countries governing rotate
-U.S., Britain, France, Russia, China have veto power; control agenda (permanent members)

Front 168

Recognition of Israel

Back 168

1947: UN partitions Palestine into Jewish areas
-one year later, state of Israel founded (1948)
-given diplomatic recognition to U.S. (Truman), friend of Israel

Front 169

National Security Act (3 types)

Back 169

1) National Security Council: president gets advice
2) CIA: central intelligence agency
3) Department of Defense: unifying defense activity (air force, naval, army, marine)

Front 170

The German Miracle

Back 170

Economic success of West Germany after the war
-split into West and East after the war
-West Germany given over to U.S. control
-U.S. creates free market economy in West Germany (stabilize currency)
-1950: 25% rate of growth --> grows 10% a year

Front 171

General Douglas MacArthur

Back 171

In charge of rebuilding Japan (democratic framework)
-constitution written for Japan (guaranteed human rights, declared war illegal)

Front 172

Marshall Plan

Back 172

European nations could apply for assistance to rebuild economies
-U.S. gave out $13 billion over 4 year time span
-Secretary of State Marshall claims for eliminating hunger; not simply charitable
-Directed countries against communism (Stalin very against this)

Front 173

Iron curtain

Back 173

Winston Churchill makes speech saying there is an "iron curtain" separating East from the West

Front 174

The Long Telegram

Back 174

From U.S. ambassador, 8000 words long, Kennan's suggestion of how to live with Soviet Union
-way to deal with communism is with containment

Front 175

Containment

Back 175

From U.S. response to contain to an area
-using military pressure

Front 176

Truman Doctrine

Back 176

Truman's decision that he will "help free people resist totalitarian power across the world"
-1st part: aimed at Greece and Turkey (U.S. fighting communism)
-helping international struggles between communism v. non-communism

Front 177

Three major events of 1949

Back 177

1) Soviets develop the bomb(U.S. loses nuclear monopoly): sets off very intense arms race
2) China "falls" to communism: Russia so powerful, believed they had something to do with it
3) North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) founded: U.S. enters mutual defense act, attack on any member nations would be an attack on the U.S.

Front 178

MAD (mutually assured destruction)

Back 178

Idea that if both countries have so many atomic weapons that each have power to destroy each other

Front 179

NSC-68

Back 179

National Security Council document #68
-articulates all ideas; begins with idea that Soviet Union wants to dominate the world
-Says: 1) continue on path
2) move toward isolationism
3) conduct political, economic strength

Front 180

Korean War

Back 180

1950: North Korea (communist) invades South Korea
-Truman convinced that Stalin is behind this
-1st U.N. pushes North Koreans to China's borders
-China pushes back down to 38th meridian
-End of the war: nothing changed; makes logic of NSC-68 self evident

Front 181

Second Red Scare

Back 181

U.S. infiltrated by communists
-fear of ideas/mindsets
-resulted in needs to articulate American values
-hunt for people who were in the communist party(or any affiliation)
-gave politicians incentive to use this against people

Front 182

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Back 182

Investigated committee in House of Reps (jobs to hunt out communists)

Front 183

Joseph McCarthy

Back 183

Republican Senator
-makes speech making accusations ---> uses this as a weapon to help defeat democrats
-thought people who didn't agree with him were a communist
-becomes valuable asset to republican party (generates power)
-reigned from 1950-1954

Front 184

McCarythyism

Back 184

Anti-communist paranoia, fears, etc.

Front 185

Loyalty review boards

Back 185

Federal employees; each supervisor had to vouch for all people under themselves, lost your job

Front 186

Hollywood Ten

Back 186

Seen as walking communist line, actors interviewed to make sure they were loyal
-10 actors refused to answer, put into jail

Front 187

The "age of consensus" / New Deal order

Back 187

Made popular by Eisenhower
-economic progress important
-everyone was taking part in the good of life

Front 188

Taft-Hartley Act

Back 188

Anti-union
-gave president authority to order workers who were striking

Front 189

Right to Work

Back 189

counter proposal: workers have choice of joining the union

Front 190

Closed shop

Back 190

Every worker who joined a company had to work in unions

Front 191

"I Like Ike"

Back 191

Eisenhower's campaign slogan
-promised to take on the country
-administration was pro-business
-Did not challenge the New Deal
1952: EISENHOWER BEATS IN ELECTION

Front 192

G.I. Bill

Back 192

Provides 2 years of tuition and living expenses for veterans or military affiliated people
-causing higher education to swell in numbers (mass education)
-supporting almost half of the young college men (educated workers resulted)

Front 193

Interstate Highway Act

Back 193

Creates over 40,000 miles of highway (Eisenhower's pet project)
-Car companies freed from war times; more cars invented and affordable for middle class families

Front 194

The "Cracks beneath the surface" (1950 dissent)

Back 194

Anger and rejection of New Deal and distrust of government
-conservative movement that citizens are against large governments
-Movement to promote fluoride: "Communist plot"
-surface: broad political sense; looks uniform
-underneath: wants economic change; upheaval

Front 195

Prosperity/ consumerism

Back 195

After war you could buy basically everything (money was forced to be saved during war)
-ease to move economically up was on escalator effect
-new technology; white collar jobs
"buying beyond your means": buying more than with what you have
-Advertisements, and consumer credit helped with this movement

Front 196

Surburbanization

Back 196

development of suburbs; made possible by all the money floating around

Front 197

Levittown

Back 197

Most famous suburb; houses fabricated (4 different styles of houses)
-only sold to white people
-designed for one nuclear family (husband, wife, children)

Front 198

Conformity

Back 198

Everyone looks, acts, and lives the same lifestyle
-everyone did what everyone else was doing (fear of becoming like the Nazi's)
-American = individualism, where was the freedom with conformity?

Front 199

Baby boom

Back 199

Birth rates sky rocketed
-image to become wives and mothers was prevalent
-child centered culture (schools and education)

Front 200

The Man in the Gray Flannel Shirt

Back 200

By: Sloan Wilson
-man struggling to put his life back together after the war

Front 201

"Duck and Cover"

Back 201

Civil defense film shown to children in schools
-practice safety concerns from atomic bombs, fires, etc.
-teaching children to duck and cover (demonstrated with turtle video)

Front 202

Hydrogen Bomb

Back 202

More powerful than the atomic bomb
-1952: first tested; 25 miles high
-soviets had same bomb within the next year
-1953-1958: 160 tests conducted
-1959: nuclear bomb testing stopped

Front 203

Fallout shelter

Back 203

Protect themselves from bombs by going underground
ex: shelter found under Brooklyn bridge

Front 204

Sputnik

Back 204

First satellite launched by Soviet Union
-2nd Sputnik contained a dog

Front 205

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Back 205

developing space programs and weaponry

Front 206

National Defense Education Act

Back 206

emphasis on science and technology in schools

*science as national security*