History 102 Sg

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Pope Sixtus IV

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(1414-1484)
Pope from 1471 to 1484
He founded the Sistine Chapel

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Pope Alexander VI

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Pope from 1492 to 1503
He is the most controversial of the secular popes of the Renaissance

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Pope Julius II

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Pope from 1503 to 1513. His reign was marked by an aggressive foreign policy, ambitious building projects, and patronage for the arts.

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Pope Leo X

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Pope from 1513 to 1549. He is known primarily for the sale of indulgences to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 theses

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Pope Paul III

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Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1534 to his death in 1549. He also called the Council of Trent in 1545.

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95 Theses

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• Written by Martin Luther in 1517 and are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation.

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Simony/indulgences

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ecclesiastical crime of paying for holy offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church

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Martin Luther

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1483-1546 Changed the course of Western civilization by initiating the Protestant Reformation.

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Huguenots

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Members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists
" Protestants in France were inspired by the writings of Jean Calvin in the 1530s and the name Huguenots was already in use by the 1560s.

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John Calvin

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-(1509-1564)
• was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation.
• a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism.

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Henry VIII of England

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(1491-1548)
was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death.
he is more popularly known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.

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Act of Supremacy

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granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy which is still the legal authority of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom.

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Henry IV of France

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Was King of France from 1589 to 1610
As a Huguenot, Henry was involved in the Wars of Religion before ascending the throne in 1589

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Council of Trent

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• Council for the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500’s

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Ignatius of Loyola

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• (1491-1556)
• Was a Spanish knight, who became a hermit and priest
• Founded the Society of Jesus and becomes its first Superior General.

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Charles V of Spain

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• was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556.

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Peace of Augsburg

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• Treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555.
• It provided the first legal basis for the co-existence of Catholicism and Lutheranism.

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The Thirty Years War

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• One of the most destructive conflicts in European history.
(1618-1648)
• The war was fought primarily (though not exclusively) in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe.

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Albrecht von Wallenstein

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-(1583–1634)
• a Bohemian soldier and politician,
• Gave his services (an army of 30,000 to 100,000 men) during the Danish period (1625-1629) of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
• He became the supreme commander of the armies of the Habsburg Monarchy and one of the major figures of the Thirty Years' War.

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Gustavus Adolphus

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-(1594–1632) founder of the Swedish Empire at the beginning of what is widely regarded as the Golden Age of Sweden.
• led his armies as King of Sweden—from 1611, as a seventeen year old, until his death in battle while leading a charge during 1632 in the bloody Thirty Years' war

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Peace of Westphalia

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refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24, 1648, respectively, and written in French, that ended both the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire (today mostly Germany) and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands

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Malleus Maleficarum

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• a famous treatise on witches, written in 1486 by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger, two Inquisitors of the Catholic Church, and was first published in Germany in 1487.
• The main purpose of the Malleus was systematically to refute arguments claiming that witchcraft does not exist, refute those who expressed skepticism about its reality, to prove that witches were more often women than men, and to educate magistrates on the procedures that could find them out and convict them

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Heliocentric/ Ptolemy Model

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• the theory that the Sun is stationary and at the center of the universe

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Nicolas Copernicus

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1473 –1543) was the first astronomer to formulate a comprehensive heliocentriccosmology, which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.[

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Tycho Brahe

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(14 December 1546 – 24 October 1601),
• was a Danish nobleman known for his accurate and comprehensiveastronomical and planetary observations
• Coming from Scania, then part of Denmark, now part of modern-day Sweden, Tycho was well known in his lifetime as an astronomer and alchemist.

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Johannes Kepler

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December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630)
• Was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, and key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution.

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Galileo

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15 February 1564–8 January 1642)
• was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer,
• philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution.
• His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism.

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Louis XIV of France

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.(1638 –1715)
• King of France from 1643-death.
• Known for the France and dutch war

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Edict of Fontainebleau

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the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes of 1598, which had granted to the Huguenots the right to practice their religion without persecution from the state

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Cardinal Mazarin

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(July 14, 1602 – March 9, 1661)
• was an Italian cardinal, diplomat and politician, who served as thechief minister of France from 1642 until his death

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The Fronde

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• series of revolts –child’s play-1648-1653
• civil war in France, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635

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Absolutism-

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• system of government which ruler claimed sole and uncontestable power

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Constitutional monarchy

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• form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a written or unwritten constitution

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Mercantilism

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• Economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable

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The Hohenzollerns

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• noble family and royal dynasty of electors, kings and emperors of Prussia, Germany and Romania

• Hohezollern Family-ruled Prussia
o Transformed a small, relatively unimportant German principality into a world powerhouse
o How did they do this?
 The price of power is high
• The cost of Hohenzollern power
o Must deal with the Junkers-the old nobility
 Allowed almost complete control over their own territory
 The Prussian military dominated by the Junker class
 The Hohenzollern were able to collect taxes from people living on Junker estates, but the Junkers themselves paid no taxes
 This guaranteed the Hohenzollern a steady income which they used to build the best fighting force in Europe at the time-commanded by the Junkers

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Frederick I of Prussia

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• (German: Friedrich I., July 11, 1657 – February 25, 1713),
• of the Hohenzollern dynasty, was (as Frederick III) Elector of Brandenburg (1688 – 1713) and Duke of Prussia in personal union.

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Stenka Razin

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• 1630 – June 16 [O.S. June 6] 1671)
• was a Cossack leader who led a major uprising against the nobility and Tsar's bureaucracy in South Russia

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The Deluge

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• commonly refers to a series of wars in the mid-to-late seventeenth century which left the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in ruins

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Charles I of England

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• (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649),
• the second son of James VI and I, was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until hisregicide.

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Oliver Cromwell

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born April 25, 1599 Old Style, died September 3, 1658 Old Style)
• was an English military and political leader
• best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland

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Cavaliers

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• name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–1651).

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• Roundhead

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refer to those who support the parliament

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“Rump Parliament

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• name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try KingCharles I for high treason

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James II of England

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• (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701)[2]
• was King of England and Ireland as James II, and Scotland as James VII,[1] from 6 February 1685.
• He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

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The Glorious Revolution

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• also called the Revolution of 1688
• was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland and II of Ireland) in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) who as a result ascended the English throne as William III of England.

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Act of Settlement

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• The Act of Settlement 1657 was an Act of the Cromwellian Parliament for the Assuring, Confirming and Settling of lands and estates in Ireland.

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Act of Union

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• the Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England to put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries.

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War of Spanish Succession

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• (1701-1714)
• was fought among several European powers, principally the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, and the Duchy of Savoy, against the Kingdoms of France and Spain and the Electorate of Bavaria
• over a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under a single Bourbon monarch.

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Peace of Utrecht

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• in 1713, comprises a series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713.
• The treaties among several European states, including France, Spain, Great Britain, Savoy, and the Dutch Republic, helped end the War of the Spanish Succession.

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House of Hanover

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• Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (German: Braunschweig-Lüneburg), the Kingdom of Hanover and the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland.

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James Francis Edward Stuart

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• 0 June 1688 – 1 January 1766)
• was the son of the deposed James II and VII.
• As such, he claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones (as James III of England and Ireland and James VIII of Scotland) from the death of his father in 1701, when he was proclaimed king of England, Scotland and Ireland by his cousin Louis XIV of France.

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Sir Robert Walpole

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• (26 August 1676 – 18 March 1745)
• and known before 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British statesman who is generally regarded as having been the first Prime Minister of Great Britain

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Peter the Great of Russia

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• 1672 –1725
• ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V.

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Peace of Nystad

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• was signed in 1721 in the then Swedish town of Nystad (Finnish: Uusikaupunki).

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War of Polish Succession

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• (1733–1738)
• was a major European war sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II, King of Poland that widened as France and Spain, the two Bourbon powers, attempted to check the power of the Austrian Habsburgs in western Europe.