History 102 @ Sfu - Final

Front 1

Explain Douglas's A+B theorem:

Back 1

“In any manufacturing undertaking the payments made may be divided into two groups: Group A: Payments made to individuals as wages, salaries, and dividends; Group B: Payments made to other organizations for raw materials, bank charges and other external costs. The rate of distribution of purchasing power to individuals is represented by A, but since all payments go into prices, the rate of generation of prices cannot be less than A plus B. Since A will not purchase A plus B, a proportion of the product at least equivalent to B must be distributed by a form of purchasing power which is not comprised in the description grouped under A.” (C.H. Douglas, “The Monopoly of Credit”)

Front 2

Who was Agnes Macphail? What party did she belong to at first?

Back 2

Agnes Macphail was the first woman elected to Canadian Parliament in 1921.
She belonged to the Progressive party.

Front 3

Explain how Macphail contributed to penal reform in Canada:

Back 3

One of Macphail's issues was penal reform; her efforts led to the formation of the investigative Archambault Commission in 1936.
Macphail's concern for women in the criminal justice system led her, in 1939, to found the Elizabeth Fry Society of Canada, named after British reformer Elizabeth Fry.

Front 4

What newspaper did Agnes Macphail write for?

Back 4

The Globe and Mail

Front 5

When was the Asbestos strike?

Back 5

The Asbestos strike began February 14, 1949 in Asbestos, Quebec.

Front 6

Who was Premier of Quebec at the time of the Asbestos strike?

Back 6

Maurice Duplessis of the Union Nationale party

Front 7

What were the six basic demands of the Asbestos miners in December of 1948?

Back 7

The miners had six basic demands, including a wage of $1 per hour, union security, a pension scheme and some company action to check the spread of lung choking silicosis caused by exposure to asbestos.

Front 8

How did Duplessis respond to the Asbestos strike?

Back 8

On February 23 he declared the strike illegal and dispatched a battalion of provincial police.

Front 9

True or False: The Asbestos mine was owned by an American company

Back 9

True

Front 10

What was the archbishop's attitude towards the Asbestos strike?

Back 10

Even the conservative Church found itself in sympathy with the strikers and it raised most of the support for the destitute families. When the Archbishop of Montreal, Joseph Charbonneau, openly championed the strike, Duplessis had him exiled to Vancouver.

Front 11

The Asbestos strike was a watershed moment leading into the Quiet Revolution. It inspired many Quebecois intellectuals. However, what was the outcome for the workers themselves?

Back 11

For the workers, back to work in the dangerous air of the asbestos mines, the strike was no revolution. Their material gains were small. Many were not rehired and little was done to alleviate the working conditions that would take many lives over the next generation.

Front 12

What was the consequence of cancelling the production of the Avro Arrow?

Back 12

The cancellation on 20 February 1959 known as "Black Friday" immediately put 14,528 Avro employees out of work as well as nearly 15,000 other employees in the Avro "supply chain" of outside suppliers.
ancellation charges brought the total development costs of the Arrow programme to $470 million

Front 13

What was to be the intended purpose of the Avro Arrow?

Back 13

The Avro Arrow was born out of the neccessity for the protection of Canada. During the height of the Cold War (1950's) era, the soviets had introduced new long range bombers, that were capable of flying over the North Pole to attack North America.
Its role was to be a supersonic all weather interceptor.

Front 14

What is the significance of the Boer war?

Back 14

The South African War (1899-1902) or, as it is also known, the Boer War, marked Canada's first official dispatch of troops to an overseas war.

Front 15

When was the Boer war?

Back 15

1899-1902

Front 16

Who were fighting against each other in the Boer war?

Back 16

Britain versus the Dutch colonialists in South Africa

Front 17

Who was PM during the Boer war?

Back 17

Sir Wilfred Laurier

Front 18

What was Laurier's compromise under pressure of the Empire during the Boer War?

Back 18

He sent over a battalion of volunteers

Front 19

What did Quebecers think of the Boer war?

Back 19

They wondered why Canadians should be sent halfway across the world to fight in a war that had nothing to do with Canada.

Front 20

Explain how the Boer war was won by the British Empire:

Back 20

Imperial forces attempted to deny the Boers the food, water and lodging afforded by sympathetic farmers. They burned Boer houses and farms, and moved civilians to internment camps, where thousands died from disease. This harsh strategy eventually defeated the Boers.

Front 21

Of the 7000 Canadians who served in South Africa, how many were killed?

Back 21

267

Front 22

What did the Canadian government declare after the Boer War?

Back 22

That the enlisting of Canadians overseas would not be a precedent for future wars.

Front 23

When was CBC first established?

Back 23

November 2, 1936

Front 24

Who was PM at the time when CBC was founded?

Back 24

R.B Bennet

Front 25

Why was it recommended that Canada have its own broadcasting corporation?

Back 25

A major concern was the growing influence of American radio broadcasting as U.S.-based networks began to expand into Canada.

Front 26

What is the CBC mandate?

Back 26

The 1991 Broadcasting Act states that...
1...the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, as the national public broadcaster, should provide radio and television services incorporating a wide range of programming that informs, enlightens and entertains;
2...the programming provided by the Corporation should:
be predominantly and distinctively Canadian,
3 reflect Canada and its regions to national and regional audiences, while serving the special needs of those regions,
4 actively contribute to the flow and exchange of cultural expression,
be in English and in French, reflecting the different needs and circumstances of each official language community, including the particular needs and circumstances of English and French linguistic minorities,
5 strive to be of equivalent quality in English and French,
contribute to shared national consciousness and identity,
be made available throughout Canada by the most appropriate and efficient means and as resources become available for the purpose, and
6 reflect the multicultural and multiracial nature of Canada.

Front 27

What is the significance of the CBC being a crown corporation?

Back 27

It operates autonomously from the government

Front 28

What was the original slogan of the CBC?

Back 28

Television is CBC

Front 29

What was the main significance of the Chanak crisis for Canada?

Back 29

The British public were alarmed by the Chanak episode and the possibility of going to war again. It did not help that Prime-minister David Lloyd George had not fully consulted the Commonwealth prime ministers. Unlike the case eight years earlier, when World War I broke out, Canada in particular did not automatically consider itself active in the conflict. Instead, Prime Minister Mackenzie King insisted that the Canadian Parliament should decide on the course of action the country would follow. By the time the issue had been debated in the Canadian House of Commons, the threat at Chanak had passed. Nonetheless, King made his point: Parliament would decide the role that Canada would play in external affairs.

Front 30

What was the Chanak crisis?

Back 30

The Chanak Crisis (or Affair) in September 1922 was the threatened attack by Turkish troops on British and French troops stationed near Çanakkale (Chanak) to guard the Dardanelles neutral zone. The Turkish troops had recently defeated Greek forces and recaptured İzmir (Smyrna).

Front 31

Who founded Cite Libre?

Back 31

Trudeau, Levesque, Vallieres, Pelletier

Front 32

Which premier did the Cite Libre oppose?

Back 32

Duplessis

Front 33

Under which PM did Clifford Sifton serve?

Back 33

Sir Wilfred Laurier

Front 34

Explain Clifford Sifton's role as Minister of Interior:

Back 34

In 1896, Sifton was elected a Member of Parliament and served as Minister of the Interior under Laurier. As Minister of the Interior he started a vigorous immigration policy to get people to settle and populate the West. Sifton established colonial offices in Europe and the United States. He enticed people to come to western Canada. While many of the immigrants came from Britain and the United States, Canada also had a large influx of Ukrainians, Doukhobors, and other groups from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Front 35

What was the purpose of the CCF?

Back 35

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), founded 1932 in Calgary as a political coalition of progressive, socialist and labour forces anxious to establish a political vehicle capable of bringing about economic reforms to improve the circumstances of those suffering the effects of the GREAT DEPRESSION. The main impetus for the formation of the new party came from farmers' organizations (including the UNITED FARMERS OF ALBERTA, which governed that province), a handful of academics in the LEAGUE FOR SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION (LSR) and a GINGER GROUP of MPs in Ottawa allied with both farmer and trade-union organizations.

Front 36

What was Cypress Hills Massacre? What decision did Macdonald make following the massacre?

Back 36

In 1873, a bloody "battle" known as the Cypress Hills Massacre took place when American wolfers, including Thomas Hardwick and John Evens, who were stopped at one of the posts, lost some horses. They believed the horses had been stolen by a group of Nakoda (Assiniboine) camped nearby, and after much drinking set out to take revenge.
The massacre convinced Sir John A. McDonald to pass a bill establishing a force known as the North West Mounted Police -- a force that would later become the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, or the Mounties. Fort Walsh was established near the trading posts and served the North West Mounted Police until 1883. The duties of the NWMP was to: suppress the whiskey trade; bring law and order to Canada's North West Territories; establish a Canadian presence; and peacefully encourage the First Nations to sign treaties and settle on reserves.

Front 37

What was the
Foreign Investment Review Agency? (FIRA)

Back 37

The Foreign Investment Review Agency was a federal agency formed by Parliament in 1973 as a result of concerns about foreign presence in the Canadian economy.
In making its recommendations, FIRA took the following factors into consideration: the effect of the investment on employment and economic activity in Canada; the effect on Canadian productivity, technological development and product variety; the degree of Canadian participation in management; the effect on competition; and the compatibility of the investment with national policies.

Front 38

Why was the Free Trade Agreement implemented?

Back 38

The recession that hit the country in the early 1980s led many to believe that prosperity was to be found in free trade, not in protectionism. The Conservative Party, which came into power in 1984, announced its intention to sign a free trade agreement with the U.S.
lthough the House of Commons, which was controlled by the Conservative Party, adopted a law on the Free Trade Agreement, the Senate, controlled by the Liberal Party, decided to block it. As a result, a federal election was called and free trade became a key election issue. The Conservative Party was re-elected and again brought the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement to Parliament. It was again presented in the House of Commons, and this time, the Senate had to oblige and approved the treaty. The treaty was ratified in 1988 and entered into effect on January 1, 1989.

Front 39

Who was Gabriel Dumont?

Back 39

Gabriel Dumont is best known as the man who led the small Métis military forces during the Northwest Resistance of 1885.
When a provisional government was declared in 1885, Dumont was named "adjutant general of the Métis people." He proved himself an able commander and his tiny army experienced some success against government forces at Duck Lake and Fish Creek. The Canadian militia, however, proved too large and too well equipped for Dumont's army, which collapsed on 12 May 1885 after a four day battle near Batoche.

Dumont avoided capture by escaping to the United States where, in 1886, he accepted an offer to demonstrate his marksmanship by performing in Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show.

Front 40

Who was Henri Bourassa?

Back 40

Quebecois politician and journalist (1868-1953). Founded Le Devoir.
During the first two decades of the twentieth century Bourassa was French Canada's most influential intellectual. However, his brand of Canadian nationalism lost favour after the Great War as a new generation of intellectuals led by Lionel Groulx chose to centre their nationalism on French Canada. Though, like most French Canadians, Henri Bourassa was primarily concerned with the threat posed to Canada by British and English Canadian imperialism, he was also troubled by the nation's progressive Americanization. He articulated his rejection of American civilization in dozens of articles in Le Devoir, many of which were later published in pamphlet form. Bourassa actively campaigned against the Liberal Party during the 1911 federal elections, and played a key role in eroding support for the governing Liberals in their Quebec stronghold.

Front 41

What was the Hyde Park Agreement?

Back 41

In March 1941 the Americans designed a lend-lease program to help the British by lending instead of selling them military equipment. This created a major problem for Canada. If Britain could get everything it needed from the United States under lend-lease, why would it purchase goods from Canada? Canada also faced a huge deficit in its trade with the United States. In prewar days this deficit was balanced by a surplus in its trade with Britain and other nations. Prime Minister King negotiated an ideal solution called the Hyde Park Declaration. The United States supplied Canada with the components it required for manufacturing equipment and munitions destined for Britain. These materials were charged to the British lend-lease account. The United States also agreed to buy more raw materials and supplies from Canada in order to balance Canada's increased purchases from the United States. The Hyde Park agreement closely linked the economies of Canada and the United States.

Front 42

Who was J.S Woodsworth?

Back 42

Methodist Minister, social worker, politician. First leader of the CO-OPERATIVE COMMONWEALTH FEDERATION (CCF), he was the best known of the reform-minded SOCIAL GOSPEL ministers and led many of them into the politics of democratic socialism.

Front 43

What is the Komagata Maru?

Back 43

On May 23, 1914 a ship called the Komagata Maru—normally used for transporting coal—arrived at Vancouver and anchored in Burrard Inlet. She carried 376 Indians: 12 Hindus, 24 Muslims and 340 Sikhs, British subjects all, and people who had come to make a new life in Canada. (In this article “Indians” means “people from India.”)

The arrival of the Komagata Maru had a convulsive effect on the city. There was already deep-seated prejudice against non-white residents in the area, mostly Chinese and some Japanese. Anti-Oriental riots had occurred as recently as 1907. That was also the year 901 Sikhs had arrived in Vancouver aboard the Canadian Pacific steamer Monteagle. Many white residents—particularly those who felt their jobs were threatened—decided the new arrivals must be prevented from getting off the ship.

They had a lot of official sympathy. The federal government was pressuring steamship companies to stop selling tickets to Indians. In 1907 Ottawa passed a bill denying Indians the right to vote. They were prohibited to run for public office or serve on juries, and were not permitted to become accountants, lawyers or pharmacists. The provincial government had passed laws specifically intended to discourage their immigration. They had to have at least $200 on their person to enter British Columbia—the average Indian earned about 10 cents a day—and they had to have come via direct passage from India.

For 2 months the boat remained in the Burrard inlet. Passengers were not given food or water. The Royal Canadian Navy forced the boat to leave, and 300 passengers had to return to the East.

Front 44

What was the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion?

Back 44

Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion, collective designation for some 1300 Canadian volunteers who served in international brigades recruited to assist the communist-supported republican government against Franco's fascists during the Spanish Civil War (July 1936-March 1939).
Although celebrated by well-wishers on their arrival home in early 1939, the survivors, half the original number, received no official welcome. In April 1937 the Canadian government had passed the Foreign Enlistment Act, outlawing participation by Canadians in foreign wars, and the Customs Act, which provided for government control over arms exports.

Front 45

What was the Manitoba Act?

Back 45

provided for the admission of Manitoba as Canada's fifth province. It marked, as well, the legislative resolution of the struggle between inhabitants of the RED RIVER COLONY and the federal government.
Despite PM Macdonald's reluctance, Manitoba entered Canada as a province, not a territory. English- and French-language rights were safeguarded, as were Protestant and Roman Catholic educational rights; the right to education in either English or French was not protected. The Dominion retained control of natural resources, in particular unallocated land, which was to be sold to support the building of a Pacific railway.

Front 46

What were the Maritime Rights?

Back 46

Maritime Rights was a regional protest that climaxed in the 1920s. Essentially a reform movement, it was triggered by the region's declining influence in CONFEDERATION and its inability to protect important interests in transportation, tariffs, port development and federal subsidies.
Because Mackenzie King was losing votes, the Mackenzie King government appointed British lawyer Sir Andrew Duncan to investigate Maritime discontent. His recommendations of freight-rate reductions and subsidy increases were implemented, but suggestions for subsidies based on fiscal need and transportation use to encourage regional development were ignored.

Front 47

Who was Maurice Duplessis?

Back 47

He was known as the "Chef". He was leader of the Conservative party of Quebec. He formed the Union Nationale. He campaigned for an autonomous Quebec

Front 48

What was the Meech Lake Accord?

Back 48

The patriation of the Constitution in 1982 was done without Quebec's consent. With the Conservatives being voted into power at the federal level, and the Liberals gaining power in Quebec, constitutional negotiations were revived in an attempt to persuade Quebec to sign the Constitution.

Quebec was willing to sign the Constitution as long as the changes it was proposing were accepted. Its proposals were separated into two parts. The first part involved including a statement in the Constitution that Quebec was a distinct society in Canada. The second part dealt with various issues to increase provincial powers with regards to the federal government. All the provincial Premiers agreed and signed the proposals, resulting in the Meech Lake Accord. However, the amending formula stated that in order to modify the Constitution, all provincial legislatures had to approve the Accord within a period of three years. In addition to recognizing Quebec's status as a distinct society, the Accord acknowledged that Quebec's minority Anglophone population and the minority francophone populations found across the country constituted a fundamental characteristic of Canada. The Accord also stated that the provinces would now play a role in the Supreme Court and Senate nominations. What's more, it also called for a mandatory First Minister's Conference to discuss certain points. Another point that was included in the Accord, and which was particularly important to Quebec, was that a province could receive financial compensation if it decided not to participate in a national program. Certain groups, including Canada's Native population, argued that they had not been included in the negotiations and demanded that the Accord be rejected. Despite this, most of the provincial legislatures accepted the Accord, with only Newfoundland and Manitoba's approval remaining. In Manitoba's case, unless it obtained the unanimous approval of all its Members of Parliament, public hearings would be required. On June 23, 1990, the deadline for signing the Accord, Elijah Harper, a Native Member of Parliament, refused to give his approval. The Federal Government then offered to push back the deadline, but this would force Quebec to ratify the document once more. This situation irritated Clyde Wells, the Premier of Newfoundland, and he refused to have his parliament vote on the Accord. This signified the death of the Meech Lake Accord.

Front 49

What was the National Policy?*******

Back 49

The National Policy was introduced by the government of John A. Macdonald in 1879 and remained, in one form or anothe,r government policy for a long time. Understood in its broadest sense, the policy contained three parts: 1) the building of the transcontinental railway - the CPR; 2) strong immigration policy to fill the West; 3) the protection of the infant Canadian industry with high tariffs. The plan was a comprehensive one and each of its parts provided an impetus and a justification for the other parts. The aim of the policy was to create a true country with a national economy. Macdonald thought that while a political framework had been created in 1867 the dreamed up union could only last if it was cemented by the creation of a strong national economy - one that would run east-west rather than north-south. The future of Confederation, he thought, hinged upon the development of the West. Without such development, the Americans would take over the West, encircle Canada and inevitably bring about its annexation. Hence, the dream of creating a sepearate, peaceful and orderly society on the northern half of the continent would die.

Alexander MACKENZIE's Liberal Party, in office 1873-78, adhered to a policy of tariffs for revenue purposes - around 20% CUSTOMS duties on manufactured goods - despite the depression of the 1870s and the failure of the government's 1874-75 attempt to negotiate a RECIPROCITY agreement with the US. Macdonald's National Policy became a public issue after the Liberal government failed to raise the tariff in the 1876 budget. It was set in motion in the budget of 14 March 1879 after consultation with business interests.


KEYWORDS
Economic History


It was intended to be a nationalistic policy which would broaden the base of the Canadian economy and restore the confidence of Canadians in the development of their country. That the National Policy would also assist in the development of a group of wealthy businessmen who could be counted on to contribute generously to the Conservative Party was another factor that Macdonald acknowledged. The tariff on most foreign manufactured goods was increased, affording substantial protection to Canadian manufacturers. Equally important to the manufacturers were the reduced customs duties on the necessary raw materials and semi-processed products, which lowered their costs of production.
Over time the National Policy took on a broader meaning in Conservative Party rhetoric, which tended to equate the National Policy with its larger development policies: the CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY (1880s); western settlement (the DOMINION LANDS Act of 1872 and immigration policy); harbour development; and the subsidization of fast steamship service to Europe and Asia to facilitate the export of Canadian products. It became the centrepiece of Conservative Party policy for decades, being espoused by R.B. BENNETT in the 1930s as fervently as it was by Macdonald in the 1880s. Macdonald's last election, in 1891, was fought in defence of his National Policy. Sir Wilfrid LAURIER's Liberal government, 1896-1911, adopted the protectionist principles if not the rhetoric of the National Policy tariff and kept its general tariff at similarly protectionist rates.
Even the Laurier government's famous reciprocity agreement with the US in 1911 made only a few concessions on import duties on manufactured goods; the bulk of the agreement abolished duties on natural products, and customs duties were lowered on a restricted list of manufactured goods. But this alarmed manufacturers enough to swing their support back to the Conservatives in the 1911 general election. Campaigning on the argument that a mature economy had developed under the National Policy, that reciprocity threatened the Canadian economy, and that the choice before the electors was "whether the spirit of Canadianism or of Continentalism shall prevail on the northern half of this continent," Robert BORDEN's Conservatives swept to victory, bringing a continuance of the National Policy.

Front 50

Who was Nellie McClung?

Back 50

Nellie McClung was one of the most important leaders of Canada's first wave of feminism, and she is still remembered for her role in the famous "Person's Case" which saw Canadian women declared persons in 1929. Her great causes were women's suffrage and temperance. She understood that the first World War was important in broadening the appeal of woman suffrage because the manpower shortages highlighted the extent of female employment, making the image of the sheltered female more obviously inapplicable to Canadian circumstances.[5] It was largely through her efforts that in 1916 Manitoba became the first province to give women the right to vote and to run for public office.[6] The Government of Canada followed suit that same year. After moving to Edmonton, Alberta, she continued the campaign for suffrage. She championed dental and medical care for school children, married women’s property rights, mothers' allowances, factory safety legislation and many other reforms. McClung was a supporter of the then popular social philosophy of eugenics and campaigned for the sterilization of those considered "simple-minded." Her promotion of the benefits of sterilization contributed to the passage of eugenics legislation in Alberta.

Front 51

What group was Nelly McClung part of?

Back 51

She was one of The Famous Five (also called The Valiant Five), with Irene Parlby, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Emily Murphy and Louise McKinney. The five put forward a petition, in 1927, to clarify the term "Persons in Section 24 of the British North America Act 1867. This section had served to exclude women from political office. The petition was successful, clearing the way for women to enter politics in Canada

Front 52

What was the On to Ottawa Trek?

Back 52

The On-to-Ottawa Trek was a 1935 social movement of unemployed men protesting the dismal conditions in federal relief camps scattered in remote areas across Western Canada. The men lived and worked in these camps at a rate of twenty cents per day before walking out on strike in April 1935. After a two-month protest in Vancouver, British Columbia, camp strikers voted to travel east to Ottawa and bring their grievances to the federal government. The Great Depression crippled the Canadian economy and left one in nine citizens on relief.[1] The relief, however, did not come free; the Bennett Government ordered the Department of National Defense to organize work camps where single unemployed men were used to construct roads and other public works at a rate of twenty cents per day. The poor working and living conditions led to general unrest in the camps and facilitated the work of communist agitators, who organized the men into the Relief Camp Workers' Union. A walkout was called on April 4, 1935 and about 1600 strikers headed for Vancouver.[2] The strikers’ demands included the provision of adequate first aid equipment in the camps, the extension of the Workmen’s Compensation Act to include camp workers, the repeal of Section 98 of the Criminal Code of Canada, and that workers in camps be granted the right to vote in federal elections. Public support for the men was enormous and they decided to take their grievances to the federal government. On June 3, 1935, hundreds of men boarded boxcars headed east in what would become known as the “On-to-Ottawa Trek.”

Front 53

What was the Pacific Scandal?

Back 53

The Pacific Scandal was a political scandal in Canada which ultimately led to the resignation of Canada's first Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, and a transfer of power from his Conservative government to a Liberal government led by Alexander Mackenzie.
The Pacific Scandal involved allegations of bribery being accepted by the Conservative government in the attempts of private interests to influence the bidding for a national rail contract. As part of British Columbia's 1871 agreement to join Canadian Confederation, the government had agreed to build the Canadian Pacific Railway, a transcontinental railway linking the Pacific Province to the eastern provinces. The proposed rail project, when completed, was the most intensive and ambitious of its kind ever undertaken to date. However as a new nation with limited capital resources, financing for the project was sought after both at home and abroad, naturally attracting interest from Great Britain and the United States.
Despite Macdonald's claims that he was innocent, evidence came to light showing receipts of money from Allan to Macdonald and some of his political colleagues. Perhaps even more damaging to Macdonald was when the Liberals discovered a telegram, through a former employee of Sir Hugh Allan, which had been stolen from the safe of Allan's lawyer, Sir John Abbott.[6] Macdonald had sent the telegram to Allan six days before the 1872 election which read: "I must have another $10,000. Will be the last time of calling. Do not fail me. Answer today."[citation needed]
Macdonald resigned as prime minister. He offered his resignation as the head of the Conservative party, but it was not accepted and he was convinced to stay. Perhaps as a direct result of this scandal, the Conservative party fell in the eyes of the public and was relegated to being the Official Opposition in the federal election of 1874, after which Alexander Mackenzie succeeded Macdonald as the new prime minister of Canada.[citation needed]
Despite the short-term defeat, the scandal was not a mortal wound to Macdonald, the Conservative Party, or the Canadian Pacific Railway. An economic depression gripped Canada after Macdonald left office, and Mackenzie was blamed for the ensuing hard times. Macdonald would return as prime minister in the 1878 election thanks to his National Policy. He would hold the office of prime minister to his death in 1891, while the Canadian Pacific would be completed by 1885 with Macdonald still in office.

Front 54

What was The Permanent Joint Board on Defence?

Back 54

The Permanent Joint Board on Defence is a Canadian-American advisory body established at Ogdensburg, NY, 18 August 1940, by PM Mackenzie King and US President F.D. Roosevelt. This meeting, which took place at Roosevelt's suggestion in a period of crisis in WORLD WAR II, inaugurated an era of intimate military ties. The PJBD first met 26 August 1940, and had its greatest influence from then until December 1941, when the US entered the war. Consisting of 2 national sections, each composed of a chairman (usually a civilian) and representatives of the armed forces and foreign service, the board studies joint defence problems and offers recommendations to the respective governments. Although now only one of a number of agencies for Canadian-American military co-operation, it continues as an arena for frank and informal exchange of views and information.

Front 55

What was the Pipeline debate?

Back 55

The Pipeline Debate, 8 May-6 June 1956, was one of the most famous confrontations in Canadian parliamentary history. Liberal Minister of Trade and Commerce C.D. HOWE decided that a PIPELINE to carry natural gas from Alberta to central Canada was a national necessity. Howe argued that it must run entirely in Canada and deliver to Canadian consumers. The project required very large sums of capital and specialized products and expertise. In 1954 Howe assembled a private syndicate of Canadian and American businessmen to give effect to TRANSCANADA PIPELINES, a corporate shell incorporated in 1951; a temporary predominance of the Americans in the syndicate raised charges that the pipeline was a sellout to American interests.
After many vicissitudes, a bill to authorize the pipeline and provide a loan for part of its construction was introduced in May 1956. Social Credit supported it, but the CCF and the Progressive Conservatives attacked the bill from every angle. The CCF preferred public ownership; the Conservatives objected to what they saw as American control. But these substantive concerns were overshadowed by the procedural issue of CLOSURE, by which the Liberals placed a strict time limit on debate. As they and the Opposition knew, laying the pipe had to begin by early June or nothing could be done until the next year. The government charged obstruction and the Opposition charged dictatorship, but the bill passed. A 3700 km pipeline was completed from Burstall, Saskatchewan, to Montréal by October 1958, and TransCanada became a principally Canadian-owned company. The debate, however, discredited Howe and the Liberals, and contributed to their defeat in the 1957 general election.

Front 56

What was the Progressive party?

Back 56

The Progressive Party of Canada was a political party in Canada in the 1920s and 1930s. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces and, in Manitoba, ran candidates and formed governments as the Progressive Party of Manitoba. The party was part of a farmers' political movement that included provincial Progressive and United Farmers' parties.
The United Farmers movement in Canada rose to prominence after World War I. With the failure of the wartime Union government to alter a tariff structure that hurt farmers, various farmers movements across Canada became more radical and entered the political arena. The United Farmers movement was tied to the federal Progressive Party of Canada and formed provincial governments in Ontario, Alberta and Manitoba. It rejected the National Policy of the Conservatives and also felt that the Liberals were not strong enough proponents of free trade and were too strongly tied to business interests. Generally, farmers groups formed alliances with Labour and socialist groups though, in power, they became closer to the Liberals causing ruptures in several provinces between United Farmer governments and their organizations.
Viewed as "Liberals in a hurry"

Front 57

What was prohibition?

Back 57

Prohibition was an attempt to forbid by law the selling and drinking of intoxicating beverages. It was enacted in Prince Edward Island in 1901 and in the remaining provinces, the Yukon, and Newfoundland during the First World War. The Canadian government controlled the making and trading of liquor and in March 1918 it stopped, for the duration of the war, its manufacture and importation into provinces where purchase was illegal.
Prohibition was too short-lived for real success. Opponents maintained that it violated British traditions of individual liberty and that settling the matter by referendum or plebiscite was an aberration from Canadian parliamentary practice. Québec rejected it as early as 1919 and became known as the "sinkhole" of North America, but tourists flocked to "historic old Québec" and the provincial government reaped huge profits from the sale of booze.

Front 58

What is the Red Ensign?

Back 58

The Red Ensign (often "Canadian Red Ensign") was the recognized flag of Canada until 1965 when it was replaced by the maple leaf design. Based on the ensign flown by British merchant ships, the Canadian Red Ensign is a red flag with a Union Jack in the upper corner next to the staff and the Canadian coat of arms in the fly. The Red Ensign, bearing the appropriate coats of arms, is now the official flag of Ontario and Manitoba.

Front 59

What was the Rowell-Sirois commission?

Back 59

The commission was called as a result of the Great Depression.

The major recommendations of the Commission were:

1) Transfer to the federal government of responsibility for the relief of employable unemployed.

2) The federal government would assume full responsibility for the debt of the provinces. In the case of Quebec where the provincial debt was small, the federal government would also take over part of the municipal debt.

3) The existing subsidies paid by the federal government to the provinces [s. 118-119 of the Constitution Act, 1867] would be done away with.

4) In return, the provinces would vacate certain tax fields that would be entirely taken over by the federal government; these were to be the personal and corporation income taxes and succession duties (in 1938-39 these represented 60% of the provincial revenue of Quebec).

5) The federal government would pay to the provinces a sum equivalent to 10% of the revenue derived from mining and petroleum operations in the province.

6) The old subsidy system and the direct taxes given up by the provinces would be replaced by a National Adjustment Grant. The Dominion would pay annually to certain provinces subsidies based on a national norm. These subsidies could be revised every five years. The "norm" would be derived from the spending necessary for a province to assure its citizens governmental services considered as standard for the whole country and from the revenue raised by the province according to norms of taxation considered average for Canada. If there was a discrepancy between the average spending and the average revenues on the one end and the actual spending and revenues of a province on the other hand, the federal government would pay the difference. A province would only receive help if there was excess spending. This was the beginning of the equalization formula.

7) Exceptional unconditional grants might be given by the federal government to help a province through a difficult period. Such exceptional grants were promised to Saskatchewan.

8) Money borrowed by the provinces could be guaranteed on their own credit or by the federal government if a Finance Commission established by the federal government approved the loan. This system was reminiscent of the provincially guaranteed loans of the municipal governments.

9) Each province would be left free to better its services by increasing considerably its taxes, or to reduce the tax burden of its citizens by reducing services or to expand certain services above the Canadian average at the expense of maintaining other services below the Canadian average. The Commission did not discuss how provinces could increase their taxes considering that they would turn over to the federal government their more productive sources of revenues. Consequently, a lowering of services in certain sectors was more likely to occur if a province wanted to establish a priority in a certain sector. That proposition seemed to defeat the purpose of the main recommendation of the Commission which had been to assure that a high standard of services would be available all across Canada.

The proposals of the Commission were studied at a Federal-Provincial conference held in January of 1941. The Commission had claimed that its propositions aimed at assuring the autonomy of the provinces. This was also the position taken by King at the conference: the provinces could not fulfill their responsibilities if they did not have the financial means to exercise their jurisdiction. The argument was hollow considering that the federal government now proposed that the provinces - by transferring their main fiscal powers to the federal government - depend almost entirely, and forever, on the federal government to be supported financially. Maurice Duplessis, Premier of Quebec in the late 1930’s, was to say later about such proposals:

"A government with no control over its sources of revenue has only phantom powers, restricted by the interests of those who control, collect and distribute the public's funds. It is the government of an occupied country, of an enslaved people."

At the conference, the provinces of Ontario, British Columbia and Alberta rejected the report and refused to even consider it as the basis for constitutional changes. Manitoba, Saskatchewan and the Maritime provinces were the most favorable. The province of Quebec, represented by Adélard Godbout who had been elected in 1939 with the help of the federal Liberals, vacillated. He was the first premier of Quebec, since the days of Mercier, not to stand firm on the issue of provincial autonomy. He was never to be reelected again…

Seemingly, the conference, for lack of a general agreement, was a complete failure; the Rowell-Sirois Report was officially shelved but many of its propositions were to reappear, in one form or another, in the post World War era. In the short run, the Report led to a constitutional amendment, enacted in 1940, which transferred jurisdiction over unemployment insurance from the provincial to the federal level.

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What was "The Maple Leaf Forever"

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Muir was said to have been inspired to write this song by a large maple tree which stood on his property: Maple Cottage, a house at Memory Lane and Laing Street in Toronto. The song became quite popular in English Canada and for many years served as an unofficial national anthem.[2][3] Because of its strongly British perspective it became unpopular amongst French Canadians, and this prevented it from ever becoming an official anthem, even though it was seriously considered for that role and was even used as a de facto anthem in many instances.[4]
It has been asserted that Muir's words, however, while certainly pro-British, were not anti-French, and he revised the lyrics of the first verse to "Here may it wave, our boast, our pride, and join in love together / The Lily, Thistle, Shamrock, Rose, the Maple Leaf forever"; adding "Lily," a French symbol, to the list. According to other accounts, this was actually the original wording. Muir was attempting to express that under the Union Flag the British and French were united as Canadians.[2]
"The Maple Leaf Forever" is also the authorized regimental march of The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada and The Royal Westminster Regiment.[4]
The song makes reference to James Wolfe capturing Quebec in 1759 during the Seven Years War and the Battle of Queenston Heights and Battle of Lundy's Lane during the War of 1812.

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What was the Tin Pot Navy?

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The British wanted its dominions to contribute soldiers to the wars they were fighting around the world. They held two Imperial Conferences to try to convince Canada and other colonies to take part, but Prime Minister Laurier wanted no part of an imperial force. He admitted that Canada should be able to defend itself, but he did not want to see Canadians fighting around the world in wars that did not concern them.

Meanwhile in Europe, Britain and Germany were rivals for power. Each country was building up its navy to control the ocean trade routes. Some Canadians believed that Canada should send money to Britain to keep its navy strong. Others did not want to become involved in European power struggles.

Once again, Prime Minister Laurier sought a compromise. In 1910, his government created a small Canadian navy to protect Canadian waters. In times of crisis, he promised to make this force available to the British.

Critics of Laurier's policy laughed at the idea of this "tin-pot navy", calling it useless. They thought it would be better to contribute to Britain's fleet. others worried that Canada would still be dragged into an overseas Conflict. The naval issue was one important reason why Laurier and his government were defeated in the national election that took place in 1911.

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What was Vimy Ridge?

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Vimy Ridge, battle fought 9-14 April 1917 during WORLD WAR I. The long, low ridge formed a key position linking the Germans' new HINDENBURG LINE to their main trench lines leading north from HILL 70 near Arras, France. Both British and French forces had tried unsuccessfully to take the ridge earlier during the war. In spring 1917 the task was given to the Canadian Corps, commanded by British Lt-Gen Sir J.H.G. BYNG.


KEYWORDS
Battles


After careful training and rehearsal, and supported by almost 1000 artillery pieces, the Canadians attacked along a 6.4 km front on 9 April 1917. It was the first time the Canadians attacked together, and they achieved a magnificent victory, sweeping the Germans off the ridge. By April 14 they had gained more ground, more guns, and more prisoners than any previous British offensive had done. Canadian casualties mounted to 10 602, of which 3598 were killed. Nevertheless the sense of achievement and national pride created by this success gave the Canadians a great feeling of self-confidence. The Canadian Corps was to gain recognition as an elite corps.

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What was the Wartime Elections Act?

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The Wartime Elections Act was a bill passed on September 20, 1917 by the Conservative government of Robert Borden during the Conscription Crisis of 1917, and was instrumental in pushing Liberals to join the Conservatives in the formation of the Canadian Unionist government. While the bill was an explicit attempt to get more votes for the government, it was also the first act giving women the vote in federal elections.
The act gave the vote to the wives, widows, mothers, and sisters of soldiers serving overseas. They were the first women ever to be able to vote in Canadian federal elections, and were also a group that was strongly in favour of conscription. The act also disenfranchised "enemy-alien" citizens naturalized after March 31, 1902, unless they had relatives serving in the armed forces. At the time the act was passed, it was justified through the patriotic fever surrounding World War I. While it was opposed by those who were disenfranchised and other opponents of the government, it was widely supported by the majority of Canadians.
The act was coupled with the Military Voters Act that further skewed the vote in favour of the Unionists. The two laws were effective, and the government was re-elected in the 1917 election, but the Unionists were elected by a large enough margin that such measures did not make the difference between victory and defeat. In the long run, however, it so alienated French-Canadians and recent immigrants that they would vote Liberal for decades, greatly hurting the Conservative Party. After the war, the act was repealed and all women were given the vote.

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What was the Winnipeg General strike?

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After three months of unproductive negotiations between the employers of the Winnipeg Builder's Exchange and the unions, grouped together under the Building Trades Council, a strike was launched on May 1, 1919. The next day, after refusing to negotiate with the Metal Trades Council union, the employers of the three leading metalwork factories also found themselves with striking workers. After being informed by the two unions of a refusal to negotiate, the Trades and Labour Council of Winnipeg decided to join the strike already in progress. The general strike officially began on May 15, 1919, at 11 o'clock and thousands of non-unionized workers joined the strikers. Faced with this problem, a committee of citizens was created to end the strike that was paralyzing the entire city. The strike committee met with the citizens' committee to try to agree on the continuance of certain essential services, such as milk distribution. On May 22, the Justice Minister and Labour Minister travelled to Winnipeg to meet with the representatives of the citizens' committee, but the strike committee was not invited to participate in the talks. When, on May 30, the police were asked to sign a contract to prevent them from joining unions, they refused, but declared that they would continue to maintain law and order. A few days later, the entire police force was fired. On June 1st, 10,000 soldiers back from the front converged upon the provincial Legislature and the mayor's office to announce their solidarity with the strike. The Federal Government then added amendments to the Law on Immigration in order to be able to deport anyone born outside of Canada accused of insurrection. It is believed that the strike was a pretext for the advancement of the communist movement. Many arrests were made in order to start deporting strikers under the cover of the new amendments. A storm of protest erupted across the country, and more than half of the people who had been arrested were freed. Riots broke out and one person was killed. The general strike ended on June 26 at 11 o'clock after the strike committee told its supporters that the next battle would be waged on a political level; this would begin with the dispatch of several labour representatives to all levels of government. While other strikes took place during that same year in Canada, there has been much debate since about the violent methods used to attempt to repress the Winnipeg strike.

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What are "zombies?"

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After campaigns in Italy in 1943 and the Normandy invasion in 1944, combined with a lack of volunteers, Canada faced a shortage of troops. When a brigade of soldiers was sent to the Aleutians in 1943, there were hundreds of conscripts in the ranks (the islands were technically North American soil and thus deployment there was not considered "overseas"), and desertions before embarkation were noted. However, no further combat employment was made until early 1945, when 12,908 men were sent overseas, most of whom were from the home service conscripts drafted under the NRMA, rather than from the general population.
The French-Canadian ministers in Cabinet, and Quebec in general, did not trust Defence Minister Ralston, and King felt it was politically sensible to replace him as Minister of National Defence with the anti-conscription General Andrew McNaughton in November, 1944. McNaughton was unable to produce large numbers of volunteers for the army, although there were numerous volunteers for the navy and air force. Some members of King's cabinet threatened to resign and bring down the government. King finally agreed to a one-time levy of 17,000 NRMA conscripts for overseas service in November, 1944. When word of the decision reached soldiers stationed in Terrace, British Columbia, it resulted in the short-lived Terrace Mutiny.
Few conscripts saw combat in Europe: only 2463 men reached units on the front lines. Out of these, 79 lost their lives. Politically, this was a successful gamble for King, as he avoided a drawn-out political crisis and remained in power until his retirement in 1948.
The NRMA men who refused to "go Active" were derisively called "Zombies" both in Canada and overseas; Farley Mowat recalls in his volumes of war memoirs savagely disliking those who wore the uniform but refused to make the same sacrifices he and his brothers-in-arms were called on to make in Italy and North-West Europe.