History 101B Final

Front 1

Peter the Great

Back 1

17th century. Ruler of Russia. Initiated reforms to Russian government, made Russia more like Western Europe.

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Ottoman Empire

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Turkey, formed in 1299. Islam’s most important empire, site of significant cross-cultural encounters. Accepted Christians in empire, but threatened general Christendom around the world.

Front 3

Tokugawa Shogunate

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was the last feudal Japanese military government which existed between 1603 and 1868. Hated foreigners, killed missionaries, cut Japan off from the rest of the world. Affected Japanese development because they were so isolated.

Front 4

Lenin

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1870-1924. Russia, Leader of Bolshevik (radical socialist) movement in Bolshevik Revolution. Used Marx’s theories, brought communism to the world, scaring the West and encouraging Hitler to move East during WWII.

Front 5

Cecil Rhodes

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1853-1902. British imperialist and politician in South Africa. Prime minister of Cape Colony. Extremely influential in British imperialization, his power was a result of African enslavement. Coined “The sun never sets on the British empire.”

Front 6

Qing dynasty

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last imperial dynasty in China, lasted from 1644-1912.

Front 7

Spanish-American War

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When 1898. What War between Spain and US because US intervened in the Cuban War for Independence. Why significant; Resulted in 1898 Treaty of Paris, with terms favorable towards the US, granting them Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. US emerges out of war as global power with interests in the affairs of Europe.

Front 8

Fascism

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A political ideology that took place in Germany and Italy during the 20th century under Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. It’s centrally-planned economy, and all economic, military, and political power is centralized into one person, a dictator.

Front 9

Benito Mussolini

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He was in power in 1923 and he was a fascist, He was the ruler of Italy, He was a one man that controlled the military, economy, and political Power. Mussolini was against liberal values, controlling the rights of the people and society as he saw fit (women’s role is wife and mother, media says/does what he commands).

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Adolf Hitler

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He was the dictator in charge of creating concentration camps (the Holocaust). He was a fascist political leader in Germany and he was picked to be the leader for the Nazi party. He was in power 1933-1945. His political goals were to reunify German states, purify the German race, and take care of the “Jewish Problem”.

Front 11

Great Depression

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this where people lost their money and jobs, everyone lost everything, It began on “Black Thursday”, 24 October 1929. The Stock Market crashed in New York, and caused a ripple effect that sent the entire world into a global economic crisis.

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Appeasement

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1938 at a conference in Munich with the British, French, and Germans. British and French gave reluctant blessing for German annexation of Austria and German-speaking Czechoslovakia, hoping to appease Hitler. Ended up giving Germany upper hand in WWII.

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Hitler

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1889-1945. Leader of the German Nazi party, writer of Mein Kampf, intense German nationalist who was a prominent figure during WWII. His political goals were to reunify German states, purify the German race, and take care of the “Jewish Problem”.

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Shoah/Holocaust

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1933-1945. Forced removal of Jewish and other “inferior” people groups (Gypsies, homosexuals, mentally and physically handicapped people) from Germany and other German-controlled countries. Caused death camps, such Treblinka and Auschwitz, and resulted in murder of 6 million Jews.

Front 15

Weimar Republic

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1918-1933. Democratic government established in Germany after WWI, couldn’t respond effectively to financial crisis due to the Treaty of Versailles and didn’t have much German support, was harshly opposed and eventually destroyed by Nazi Party.

Front 16

Operation Barbarossa

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June 1941-January 1942. Code name for Nazi invasion of Soviet Union. Eventually failed because Germans couldn’t fight on two fronts.

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Hiroshima

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August 6, 1945. First place where an atomic bomb was dropped, killing at least 90,000 people. Eventually caused Japanese surrender to the Allied Power, ending WWII.

Front 18

Khrushchev

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1894-1971. Leader of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1953-1964, during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Front 19

The Marshall Plan

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also known as the European Recovery Program, channeled over $13 billion to finance the economic recovery of Europe between 1948 and 1951. Named after George Marshall, then the secretary of state. Financed by US, also used as political influence against the Soviets.

Front 20

Détente

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(a French word meaning release from tension) is the name given to a period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union that began tentatively in 1971 and took decisive form when President Richard M. Nixon visited the secretary-general of the Soviet Communist party, Leonid I. Brezhnev, in Moscow, May 1972.

Front 21

NATO

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Grand military coalition between the western countries that began during the Cold War in 1949. (12 original members were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States). “An attack on one is an attack on all”.

Front 22

Berlin Wall

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Wall built in 1961 to split Berlin between the west and the east. This made permanent the symbolic split of western Germany to western liberal democracies (US), and eastern Germany to the communist east (USSR).

Front 23

MAD

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”Mutually Assured Destruction” The deterrence theory, where to attack one country with nuclear weapons could result in retaliation with nuclear weapons so devastating it is not worth attacking.

Front 24

Nasser

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President of Egypt 1956-1970. Overtook Neutralist foreign policies during Cold War.

Front 25

Algerian War

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(1954–62) war for Algerian independence from France. The movement for independence began during World War (1914–18) and gained momentum after French promises of greater self-rule in Algeria went unfulfilled after World War II (1939–45). During this war, much more Algerian Muslims were killed then French soldiers.

Front 26

Négritude

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a literary movement of the 1930s, ’40s, and ’50s that began among French-speaking African and Caribbean writers living in Paris as a protest against French colonial rule and the policy of assimilation. Its leading figure was Léopold Sédar Senghor (elected first president of the Republic of Senegal in 1960), who, along with Aimé Césaire from Martinique and Léon Damas from French Guiana, began to examine Western values critically and to reassess African culture.

Front 27

Kwame Nkrumah

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a Ghanaian nationalist leader who led the Gold Coast’s drive for independence from Britain and presided over its emergence as the new nation of Ghana. He headed the country from independence in 1957 until he was overthrown by a coup in 1966.

Front 28

Apartheid

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a policy that governed relations between South Africa’s white minority and nonwhite majority and sanctioned racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against nonwhites. Racial segregation, sanctioned by law, was widely practiced in South Africa before 1948, but the National Party, which gained office that year, extended the policy and gave it the name apartheid. This policy of segregation would continue well into the 1950’s and 1960’s.

Front 29

Gandhi

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Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India. As such, he came to be considered the father of his country. Gandhi is internationally esteemed for his doctrine ofnonviolent protest (satyagraha) to achieve political and social progress.

Front 30

Zionism

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Jewish nationalist movement that has had as its goal the creation and support of a Jewish national state in Palestine, the ancient homeland of the Jews (Hebrew, Eretz Yisraʾel, “the Land of Israel”). Though Zionism originated in eastern and central Europe in the latter part of the 19th century, it is in many ways a continuation of the ancient attachment of the Jews and of the Jewish religion to the historical region of Palestine, where one of the hills of ancient Jerusalem was called Zion.

Front 31

Mao Zedong

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Leader of the Chinese Communist Party from 1935, he was chairman(chief of state) of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 1959 and chairman of the party until his death.

Front 32

Sun Yat-Sen

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leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang), known as the father of modern China. Influential in overthrowing the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1911/12), he served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China (1911–12) and later as de facto ruler (1923–25).

Front 33

Guomindang

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the political party founded in 1911 by Sun Yat-sen; it governed China under Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until 1949 when the Communists took power and subsequently was the official ruling party of Taiwan.

Front 34

Great Leap Forward

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in Chinese history, the campaign undertaken by the Chinese communists between 1958 and early 1960 to organize its vast population, especially in large-scale rural communes, to meet China’s industrial and agricultural problems. The Chinese hoped to develop labour-intensive methods of industrialization, which would emphasize manpower rather than machines and capital expenditure

Front 35

Cultural Revolution

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In 1966, China’s Communist leader Mao Zedong launched what became known as the Cultural Revolution in order to reassert his authority over the Chinese government. Believing that current Communist leaders were taking the party, and China itself, in the wrong direction, Mao called on the nation’s youth to purge the “impure” elements of Chinese society and revive the revolutionary spirit that had led to victory in the civil war 20 decades earlier and the formation of the People’s Republic of China. The Cultural Revolution continued in various phases until Mao’s death in 1976, and its tormented and violent legacy would resonate in Chinese politics and society for decades to come.

Front 36

Deng Xiaoping

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a Chinese communist leader and the most powerful figure in the People's Republic of China from the late 1970s until his death in 1997. Deng engineered reforms in virtually all aspects of China's political, economic and social life, restoring the country to domestic stability and economic growth after the excesses of the Cultural Revolution though cementing an inequality gap as well.

Front 37

Gorbachev

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Front 38

Perestroika

Back 38

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Front 39

Václav Havel

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Solidarity

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Warsaw Pact

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Front 42

Chernobyl

Back 42

Nuclear accident that happened on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. Caused 31 deaths and lots of people getting cancer.

Front 43

Bhopal

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December 1984. Gas leak incident in India, considered the world's worst industrial disaster. About 15,000 people eventually died.

Front 44

Aral Sea

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Lake between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The rivers that fed it were diverted for cotton growth for the USSR in the 1960s, and the sea ended up mostly drying out, taking lots of fishermen jobs.

Hint 44

Front 45

Euro

Back 45

Kind of money used across different countries in Europe. Seventeen members of European Union use the Euro.