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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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historiography
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1. The history of history.
2. 4th century 3. |
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hagiography
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1. Writings about holy mens lives
2. 4th century 3. |
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Huns
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1. Group of barbarians that attacked the Goths in eastern European in the late 300’s.
2. 4th century 3. came from the east and went down to italy and Gaul. 4. The huns taking territory in the western roman empire, helped cause the fall of little augustus and the western empire. |
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Franks
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1. Rose out of the many different leaders of the western empire to create the only successful dynasty, it ruled for 250 years. Clovis was king of the franks, and converted to Christianity. Used partible inheritance, which would prove to be problematic.
2. Migrated south in the 4th and 5th century gained control and ruled till the 6th century. 3. Moved down into gual and spain 4. Clovis’s support of Christianity helped it spread throughout the western empire, the Franks who became the merovinigians who became the Carolingians |
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Justinian Code
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1. The list of laws that were complied so that people knew what they were required to do.
2. 6th century 3. Rome 4. The Justinian code was important to the growing authority of the political society. That consequences could be given by society and that the ideas would be laid out so people would know their punishments and have a set of actual rules and precedents to follow. |
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House of Wisdom
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1. Focal point for intellectual development in Baghdad, essentially a library that had the purpose of translating books from Persian to Arabic.
2. 9th -13th 3. Baghdad, Iraq 4. Known as the worlds richest intellectual center for development. Were leaders in humanities and sciences, drew on many texts that were being ignored by other scholars of the time. |
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tonsure
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1. the practce of cutting the hair off the scalps of clerics and holy people, renouncing fashion and esteem.
2. 7th and 8th century 3. All over… |
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Treaty of Verdun
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1. Charlemagne’s grandsons divided the empire into three parts. Kingdom of charles, france. Kindom of Lothair odds and ends. Kingdom of Louis, Germany.
2. 9th century 3. The area that used to be the Carolingian empire, the area that’d become germany, france, and italy. 4. The division of the empire was fine until lothairs death which led to fighting over the territiory causing the decline of the empire. The idea that Charlamagnes son Pepin had was to divide it evenly, but in doing so it would fracture the empire even further. |
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Vassalage
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1. Giving of land in exchange for service. Horse knights got land for service.
2. 11th through 14th century 3. In the Byzantine empire, before the crusades 4. The point of giving a vassalage was to help encourage knights to join the crusades and help out with the spreading of Christianity throughout the east. |
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the three orders
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1. The three orders are workers, prayers, and fighters. Classifications of society.
2. 12th century 3. medieval Europe 4. With the extension of more people becoming educated in different fields it became harder and harder to classify the careers of individuals. |
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Peace of God
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1. The movement of the catholic church that applied spirtual sanctions in order to limit the violence of private war.
2. 10th- 13th century 3. Medievel Europe 4. This was an attempt by the church to create fear within citizens, specifically nobels to scare them from participating in war or things that could be seen as sinful and generally bad because it was tearing the societies apart. |
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reconquista
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1. The time period where many Christian kingdoms attempted to take the Iberian peninsula from the muslims
2. 8th it starts -16th century 3. Peninsula that spain is on 4. This was a part of the elimination of mulims from the Iberian peninsula. Christianity was spreading and was at odds with islam, and the result was an expulsion of muslims. |
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Council of Clermont
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1. At the council the pope announced the first crusade, met with bishops and abbots.
2. 11th century 3. France 4. Urged the crusades. |
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First Crusade
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1. Military expedition to regain holy lands, including Jerusalem
2. 11th century 3. Western Europe to Jerusalem 4. The goal was to regain taken lands, but also to Christianize the jews along the way, and if they wouldn’t they would be killed |
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pogroms
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1. Random Acts of violence against people who weren’t Christian.
2. 11th century 3. Began in northern france 4. The crusaders were setting out to take Jerusalem and convert citizens to Christianity, they disliked the jews for being jewish and not converting so they killed them. |
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Fourth Crusade
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1. Crusaders had to go through Cairo to get to Jerusalem. Along the way they are convinced by Venice to attack Zara, but it’s a Christian city, take Constantinople, but never Jerusalem.
2. 13th century. 3. Cairo is in Egypt, Zara is in Croatia, top right of the boot of italy. 4. Because the crusaders attack Zara a Christian city, they are excommunicated by the Pope. They spend so much time helping Venice that they create a trade dominance for them. |
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Albigensian Crusade
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1. 20 year campaign set out to eliminate Cathar religion.
2. 13th century 3. In France on the east coast area, half way up between Italy and Spain. 4. They were able to take over Languedoc and and the nobels all made peace. Many Cathars were converted or killed in the crusade. |
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Decretum Gratiani
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1. A collection of Canon law of the church compiled and written in as a legal textbook, heavily influenced by the Justinian code.
2. 12th century 3. 4. The decretum gratiani was a way for church law to be compiled and was an example of how classical learning could be helpful and applied to church life as Gratian was a monk and went to law school. |
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Gothic style
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1. Style of architecture of the Goths that included Ribbed Vaulting which directed the weight onto the columns allowing for more light, flying buttresses, takes weight of the walls,
2. Started in the 12th century and continued till the 16th 3. Began in Italy 4. The style was able to create massive churches and cathedrals that were unable to be built previously due to the lacking architecture, it helped create the culture of large and elegant churches. |
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Fourth Lateran Council
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1. a council where the Pope gathered almost all of the important men in chrisianity, bishops, patriarchs, and several monarchs to talk about the key points of being a Christian and how to free the holy land with papal involvement in the crusades. Made rules regarding jews clothing
2. 12th century 3. The Lateran Palace in Rome. 4. This was the marker of the high point of Papal power and with so many in attendence, Pope Innocent III was able to effectively outline the seven sacraments and key points to being a Christian. |
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troubadour
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1. a composer and singer of lyric poetry that dealt with chivalry and courtly love
2. 12th -14th century 3. Southern France and Italy, but eventually spread to Spain and Greece. 4. The troubadours sang songs about women they couldn’t have, and this further idealized the idea of love and chivalry which was already popular at the time. |
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Spiritual Franciscans
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1. Men who went out with no possessions to preach on behalf of the church, and gain contributions
2. 14th and 15th century 3. 4. They helped contribute to the wealth of the pope’s church and Europe by gaining money, they also helped spread the ideas of Christianity. |
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scholasticism
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1. The method of learning taught by the academics of medieval universities, started as an attempt to reconcile ancient classical philosophy with Christian theology. Revive greek philosophy. The idea was to find the answer to questions and resolve contradictions.
2. 12th -16th century 3. Italy and eventually the rest of Europe. 4. This form of learning was important and sought after by both Kings as well as factions of the church, signifying the importance that classical knowledge was beginning to have in the world. |
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Divine Comedy
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1. Written by Dante Alighieri it is the story of a mans journey through hell, purgatory and heaven. Along the way he meets different people from history and his contemporary and says how they met their end and why they are where they are.
2. 14th century. 3. Exiled from Florence 4. The divine comedy illustrates the Christian ideals of the time, it outlines sins and virtues and also comments on the pagans, who are in hell for pursing honor above all else. |
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Literary Humanism
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1. Looked at translations of different works and decided what the right words were. The focused on Classic Latin.
2. 14th and 15th century 3. Italy 4. The focus on ancient Latin, created a system where Latin could no longer evolve, making it a fossilized language that would eventually allow other European vernaculars to triumph. |
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Great Schism
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1. After Pope Gregory’s death the cardinals elected Pope Urban VI who was an Italian so the papalcy would stay in Rome. But he began to fight with the cardinals so they replaced him with a French Cardinal named Clement VII who could not take Rome from Urban VI so he moved his papalcy to Avignon. This caused there to be two, and ultimately 3 popes claiming to be the legitimate successor. There were two popes for a long time, then it got out of hand so the cardinals met to through out the current two and elect a new one, but the followers of the original two popes didn’t accept it, and there were 3 popes until 1417.
2. 14th and 15th century. 3. Avignon France, Rome of the holy roman empire. 4. This was a part of the papal decline. |
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Estates general
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Estates General
1. A representative assembly similar to the English parliament but never played a central role in French government. 2. Started in the 14th century 3. France 4. It was an example of the inability of the French government to make citizens voluntarily pay taxes, even with this assembly in place, and novels didn’t have to pay taxes at all which hindered the French governments ability to gain money for wars. |
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transubstantiation
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1. Bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ.
2. 12th century 3. 4. Caused people to reflect on jesus’s life and helped them to connect with him more and imitate his life in different ways. Was a big help to the cause of Christianity. |
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utraquism
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1. The demand that everyone could receive the consecrated bread at mass, not only the priests.
2. 15th century 3. Bohemian churches in the Czech republic 4. This was a part of the hussite movement which ultimately was the beginning of the protestant religion |
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indulgences
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1. A way to remit sins. Confession. Contrission- feel sorry. Satisfaction- repayment.
2. 11th -16th century 3. Saxony Germany 4. This was a part of the decline of papal power because they became so widespread and falsely created that they didn’t mean anything anymore than a source of income for clergymen. |
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confraternities
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1. Groups of men that practiced different sections of religion, corpus cristi for example, supporting transubstantiation
2. 16th century 3. Located in rome but spread all over 4. Contributed to specific ideas that were spreading around the church. Such as transubstantiation. Increased the education of such issues to average citizens. |
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Donation of Constantine
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1. a forged roman imperial decree in which the emperor Constantine transfers authority over rome and the western part of the roman empire over to the pope.
2. 8th century 3. Constantinople and Rome 4. This is a way that the pope was trying to remain powerful within the empire and the pope used this as an example when asking Charlemagne to follow constantines example and give that power over to the church. |
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Forty-two-line Bible
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1. First printed books in Europe by guttenburg
2. 15th century 3. Germany 4. This was an example of the spread of Christianity, it was able to further create converts and also clear up some of the issues with different translations and what not that created problems within the different sects of Christianity. |
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sola scriptura
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1. By scripture alone. Interpret the bible as you will, takes the interpretation down to the individual.
2. 16th century 3. Czech republic 4. This was a part of the protestant reformation, putting more power of religion into the hands of individuals. |
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sola fide
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1. How do you get into heaven? By faith alone.
2. 16th century 3. Czech republic 4. If you have faith in the fact you’ll go to heaven you will. Protestant reformation. |
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Calvinism
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1. Specific idea that if it’s not in the bible you cannot do it.
2. 16th century. 3. France 4. This was a branch of the protestant reformation that stressed the sovereignty of god. And took the words of the bible very seriously. |
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Habsburgs
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1. Were the royal wealthy catholic family that ruled in Austria as well as other parts of western Europe. Ferdinand was elected the king of bohemia, a protestant land, and eventually holy roman empire, and tried to stamp out protestantism
2. Started in the 15th century. 3. Austria, France and everywhere inbetween 4. This was part of the attempt to stamp out Protestantism which was eventually unsuccessful because the catholic princes fought on behalf of the protestants because they believed that having a balance of Catholicism and Protestantism was better than allowing the catholic habsburgs all the power. |
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reason of state
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1. A prince should do what is bbest for their state regardless of anything else.
2. 16th and 17th century 3. France 4. Cardinal Richelieu fought against the Christian habsburg by secretly funding Gustavo’s protestant army. It was the best thing to do for his people. |
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In our reading st. bernard praised the marital and spiritual abilities of the...
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templars.
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Pogroms became increasingly common in europe as a direct consequence of....
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crusading.
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3 Socio economic effects of the black death....
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1. growth of the middle class
2. Wages increased 3. Lower rent 4. Lower food prices long term 5. increased social mobility |
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How did cristine characterize her relationship with fortune?
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A negative relationship, ultimately more like destiny than "good deeds".
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Identify 3 corrosive practices of the decline of papal prestige.
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1. The inability to choose a single pope.
2. Overuse of excommunication by multiple popes. 3. The way $ became central to the papalcy through elections and indulgences eroded the holiness of the office. |
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Describe the perspective of the chronicler who described the pogrom at Mainz.
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His perspective was that of a jew. He was sympathetic and saw the pogrom as the chastisement of jewish people.
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Four consequences of the first crusade.
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Increased papal power.
Power of the west increased. The jews were disenfranchised. Byzantine culture boosted. more familiarity of aristotle. Establishment of templars. |
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3 influences on the development of chivalry in the 12th century
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Trubadours.
Courtley love, feminization of literature. Increased of tales describing heroic accounts. |
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Why was Divine comedy a breakthrough in vernacular literature?
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Because it was using ancient latin, it was a breakthrough, because generally only serious literature was written in the ancient latin tongue.
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The black death eliminated approzimately ____ of Europes population during the late _____.
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forty percent 1340's
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During the fifteenth century Lorenzo Calla argued that the ________ was a forgery.
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Donation of Constantine.
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An essential feature of literary humanism was to...
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spread godless teachings
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As described in the film, Cosimo de Medici and Filippo Brnelleschi developed a(n) _________ relationship.
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patron-client
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As described in the film, Medici became incredibly wealthy by...
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controlling the papal bank account.
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What was the southern Italian city where Boccaccio's father introduced him to a splendid court culture...
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Naples
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Thomas a Kempis's "Imitation of Christ" most directly reflected the rising popularity of...
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Mysticism
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Which of the following was not a long-term (lasting for decades) socio-economic consequence of the black death?
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the middle class decreased in size
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Followers of the belief in utraquism fought for their right to....
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drink the blood of jesus
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The estates general functions as...
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a representative institution in france.
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The albigensian crusade increased the political power of...
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the king of France.
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In the universities of the High Middle Ages _____________ was the principal method of argumentation.
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Scholasticism
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Which of the following was a characteristic of Gothic architecture?
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flying buttresses
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The _______ initiated the crusading movement in 1095.
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Council of Clermont
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The Decretum Gratiani most clearly improved the organization of...
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church laws
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The reconquista lasted approximately how long?
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over 500 years.
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Who were the mystical monks led by st. bernard and devoted to the Virgin Mary?
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Cistercians
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Who were the radical proponents of apostolic poverty, declared heretics in 1300's?
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Spiritual Franciscans
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Who were the friars who specialized in finding heretics?
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Dominicans.
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Who was the dualist sect that established a separate church in southern france?
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the Cathars
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Who were the heretics who advocated female preachers and a vernacular bible?
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Waldensians
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What military order was praised by St. Bernard?
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Templars
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What was the great island monastery, nicknamed "the Holy Isle" located along the coast of Northumbria?
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Lindisfarne
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Which of the following was not a characteristic of Celtic monasticism?
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organized into a strict hierarchial structure.
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By definition, hagiography involves the study of...
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the lives of saints.
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The ordeal was an ancient Germanic practice used to...
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settle disputes.
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Bede wrote his "History" during the ________ in __________.
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700's; Northumbria.
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During much of the early Middle Ages ________ was the center of a wealthy muslim culture in Europe.
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the Iberian Peninsula
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In seventh-century England apostasy involved...
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returning to pagan worship
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Monks used tonsure as a sort of...
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group identification.
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Which of the following was not among the achievements of the Emperor Justinian?
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first emperor to embrace christianity
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Who developed a lasting relationship with the papacy beginning around 500CE?
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the Franks
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Who established a kingdom in the Iberian peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal)?
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the Visigoths
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Who were the great horsemen who invaded eastern europe beginning around 375CE?
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the huns
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What was the Germanic tribe that settled in North Africa?
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the Vandals
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Who invaded England during the 400s and 500s CE?
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the Saxons
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What non-germanic culture was known for production of curvilinear art?
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the Celts
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Arete as portrayed in the Illiad portrays the quest for...
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excellence
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Much of the torah was completed during the...
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Babylonian captivity
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Who was the victor at the battle of Charonea?
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Macedon
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The direct address to the audience that is characteristic of the structure of Old Comedy is known as...
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a parabasis
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What typically happened at the Pnyx in athens?
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the assembly met
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Which of the following most accurately describes the position of metics in ancient athens?
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immigrant workers
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The great historian of the Persian Wars was...
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Herodotus
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Which culture developed a precursor to modern western alphabets?
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the Canaanites
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What imperial power liberated the Hebrews from the Babylonian Captivity?
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the Persians
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"Warrior Pharoahs" were a prominent characteristic of...
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the New Kingdom
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Which of the following describes the characteristics of the Batavians?
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German Warriors who protected the Emperor
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What was the impact of the punic wars on the independent farmers around Rome?
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they lost their farms and moved to Rome
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By definition, patricians were...
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aristocratic families who formed an elite caste
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The egyptian concept of Maat emphasized the importance of...
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order
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Between 3500 BCE and 2350 BCE ___________ characterized the Sumerian political structure.
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independent city-states
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Which class of Athenian society suffered political losses due to the actions of sixth-century tyrants?
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the Eupatrids
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The wool metaphor in Lysistrata most directly encourages...
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the expansion of citizenry
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The outbreak of revolts in what region led to the first war between Athens and Persia?
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Ionian Greece
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What was the hellenistic philosophy that emphasized duty and fate?
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Stoicism
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A form of monotheism was temporarily introduced by the pharaoh Akhenaten during the...
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New Kingdom
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Which of the following introduced an Indo-European language into the eastern Mediterranean?
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the Hittites
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WHich of the following most accurately defines cuneiform?
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a script with wedge shapes, used for millennia
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Ziggurats functioned primarily as...
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temples
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Approximately when did Tacitus write the Germania and Agricola?
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100CE
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According to tradition, Romulus was the first...
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King of Rome
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