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116 Cards in this Set
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Neolithic
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the new stone age, began around 11,00 BCE. saw new technological and social developments including managed food production, the beginning of permanent settlements, and the rapid intensification of trade, domestication of animals, ag revolution
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Gilgamesh
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sumerian ruler of the city of Uruk around 2700 BCE, became the hero of an epic, which circulated orally for a millennium before being written down
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Akkad
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city in the Akkadian Empire, mesopotamia, northern division of Babylonia
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Seed Drill
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1701 A.D. Invented by Jehtro Tull Planted seeds in a straight line and evenly spaced. Seeds did not have to fight over space to grow Fewer seeds wasted. Still used today. More seeds germinated so higher crops yield.
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wheel technology
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invented in Egypt, introduces speed and mobility to battlefield
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Cuneiform
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An early writing system that began to develop in Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium BCE by 3100 BCE its distinctive markings were impressed on clay tablets using a wedge-shaped stylus
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Hammurabi
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Ruler of Babylon from 1792 to 1750 BCE, Hammurabi issued a collection of laws that were greatly influential in the Near East and which constitute the world’s oldest surviving law code
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old kingdom of egypt
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(2686-2160 BCE) During this time, the pharaohs controlled a powerful and centralized bureaucratic state whose vast human and material resources are exemplified by the pyramids of Giza. This period came to an end as the pharaoh’s authority collapsed, leading to a period of dynastic warfare and localized rule
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middle kingdom of egypt
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(2055-1650 BCE) The period following the First Intermediate Period of dynastic warfare, which ended with the reassertion of pharonic rule under Mentuhotep II
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new kingdom of egypt
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(1570–1085 B.C.) empire building emerges as response to invasion
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Hatshepsut
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(1479-1458 CE) As a pharaoh during the New Kingdom, she launched several successful military campaigns and extended trade and diplomacy, She was an ambitious builder who probably constructed the first tomb in the Valley of the Kings. Though she never pretended to be a man, she was routinely portrayed with a masculine figure and a ceremonial beard.
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Hebrews
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Originally a pastoral people divided among several tribes, they were briefly united under the rule of David and his son, Solomon, who promoted the worship of a single god, Yahweh, and constructed the first temple at the new capital city of Jerusalem. After Solomon’s death, the Hebrew tribes were divided between the two kingdoms of Israel and Judah, which were eventually conquered by the Neo-Assyrian and Chaldean empires. It was in captivity that the Hebrews cam to define themselves through worship of Yahweh, and to develop a religion, Judaism, that could exist outside of Judea. They were liberated by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE.
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Bronze vs. Iron age
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Bronze Age – (3200-1200 BCE) The name given to the era characterized by the discovery of techniques for smelting bronze (an alloy of copper and tin), which was then the strongest known metal
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Yahweh
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hebrew word for God
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Judaism
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The religion of the Hebrews as it developed in the centuries after the establishment of the Hebrew kingdoms under David and Solomon especially during the period of Babylonian Captivity
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Minoan Crete
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A sea empire based on Knossos on the Greek island of Crete and named for the legendary King Minos. The Minoans dominated the Aegean for much of the second millennium BCE
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Persia
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Empire – Consolidated by Cyrus the Great in 559, this empire eventually stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean, and also encompassed Egypt. Persian rulers were able to hold this empire together through a policy of tolerance and a mixture of local and centralized governance. This imperial model of government would be adopted by many future empires
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Polis
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city-states established by the group of Greek people who proudly termed themselves “Hellene”. They liked to distinguish themselves from other groups of people for they thought to have superior culture than others
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Helots
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helots, or state serfs
Serfs rose up for their freedom and were suppressed in a bloody fight |
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Cleisthenes
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Cleisthenes (500 BCE) Changed Athens from tyranny to democracy, they thought rich men ruled from riches to become a monopoly
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Salamis
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greek soldiers lure persian fleet into narrow bay of salamis, free victory, 40,000 persians drown
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Cyrus the Great
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(585-529 BCE) As architect of the Persian Empire, extended his dominion over a vast territory stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean and incorporating the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia. His successors ruled this Persian Empire as “Great Kings”
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Thales
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(624 BC-546 BC) lived in Ancient Greece and was arguably the world's first philosopher and scientist. Thales rejected the pseudo-science of supernaturalism and put forth a radically different explanation of causes, father of theories
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Mystery Cults
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helped pave the way for the success of Christianity in the Hellenistic world
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Epicureanism
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A philosophical position articulated by Epicurus of Athens (342-270 BCE), who rejected the idea of an ordered universe governed by divine forces; instead, he emphasized individual agency and proposed that the highest good is the pursuit of pleasure
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Socrates
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(469-399 BCE) The Athenian philosopher and teacher who promoted the careful examination of all inherited opinions and assumptions on the grounds that “the unexamined life is not worth living.” A veteran of the Peloponnesian War, he was tried and condemned by his fellow citizens for engaging in allegedly seditious activities, and was executed in 399 BCE. His most influential pupils where the philosopher Plato and the historian and social commentator Xenophon
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Sophocles
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His plays dramatized the major crises of the republic and his masterpiece, Oedipus the King was considered by all his contemporaries as the greatest Greek play of the age.
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Herodotus
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called the “father of history” since his History of the Persian Wars is the first real account of history. Indeed, Herodotus was the first to use the word "historia"
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Celts
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the Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of Central Europe, which flourished from around 1200 BC. Their descendants in central Europe were the people of the Iron Age Hallstatt culture
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Plato
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(429-349 BCE) A student of Socrates, Plato dedicated his life to transmitting his teacher’s legacy through the writing of dialogues on philosophical subjects, in which Socrates himself plays the major role. The longest and most famous of these, known as the Republic, describes an idealized polis governed by a superior group of individuals chosen for their natural attributes of intelligence and character, who rule as “philosopher-kings”
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Dualism
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Aristotle's concept of form, that is, the "intelligible principle" of a thing, is not an idea set over against a material or bodily object. The form makes the object the very thing it is.
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Seleucid kingdom
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Following the Roman general Lucullus' defeat of both Mithridates and Tigranes in 69 BC, a rump was restored under Antiochus XIII.
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Paterfamilias
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the male head of a family or household.
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Patricians
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poor, but higher up on the social class level
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Rome
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Beginning in the eighth century B.C., it grew from a small town on central Italy's Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands.
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Hannibal
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a general of Carthage who led an attack on Saguntum, an independent city allied with Rome, which sparked the outbreak of the Second Punic War
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Macedonian wars
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four conflicts between the ancient Roman Republic and the kingdom of Macedonia. They caused increasing involvement by Rome in Greek affairs and helped lead to Roman domination of the entire eastern Mediterranean area.
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Lucretius
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(died mid to late 50s BCE) was an Epicurean poet of the late Roman republican era
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Gracchi
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brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, were Roman plebeian nobiles who both served as tribunes in the late 2nd century BC.
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Crassus
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had the money to buy Pompeii's allegiance, did it for Caesar
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Sumer
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an ancient region in southwestern Asia, in present-day Iraq, comprising the southern part of Mesopotamia. From the 4th millennium bc it was the site of city states that became part of ancient Babylonia.
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Sargon
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the Great – (2334-2279 BCE) The Akkadian ruler who consolidated power in Mesopotamia
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Ra
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the sun god, the supreme Egyptian deity, worshiped as the creator of all life and typically with a falcon's head bearing the solar disc. From earliest times he was associated with the pharaoh.
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Hyksos
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a people of mixed Semitic and Asian descent who invaded Egypt and settled in the Nile delta c. 1640 bc. They formed the 15th and 16th dynasties of Egypt and ruled a large part of the country until driven out c. 1532 bc .
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Troy
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(in Homeric legend) the city of King Priam, besieged for ten years by the Greeks during the Trojan War
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Assyria
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an ancient country in what is now northern Iraq. From the early part of the 2nd millennium bc, Assyria was the center of a succession of empires.
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hieroglyphs
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the writing system of ancient Egypt, based on a complicated series of pictorial symbols. It fell out of use when Egypt was absorbed into the Roman Empire, and was only deciphered after the discovery of the Rosetta Stone in the early nineteenth century
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Imhotep
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27th century bc ), Egyptian architect and scholar, who was later deified. It is thought that he designed the step pyramid built at Saqqara for third-dynasty pharaoh Djoser.
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Akhenaten
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(14th century bc ), Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty; reigned 1379–1362 bc; came to the throne as Amenhotep IV. He renounced polytheism, introducing a monotheistic cult based on worship of the sun disk, Aten, in whose honor he changed his name. The husband of Nefertiti, he moved the capital from Thebes to the newly built city of Akhetaten.
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Hittites
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a member of an ancient people who established an empire in Asia Minor and Syria that flourished from c. 1700 to c. 1200 bc .
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Phoenician alphabet
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called by convention the Proto-Canaanite alphabet for inscriptions older than around 1200 BCE, was a non-pictographic consonantal alphabet, or abjad.
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Jerusalem temple
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was one of a series of structures which were located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem, the current site of the Dome of the Rock. These successive temples stood at this location and functioned as a site of ancient Israelite and later Jewish worship.
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Mycenaean
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Greece – (1600-1200 BCE) The term used to describe the civilization of Greece in the late Bronze Age, when territorial kingdoms like Mycenae formed around a king, a warrior caste, and a palace bureaucracy
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Zoroastrianism
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One of the three major universal faiths of the ancient world, alongside Judaism and Christianity, it was derived from the teachings of the Persian Zoroaster around 600 BCE. Zoraster redefined religion as an ethical practice common to all, rather than as a set of rituals and superstitions that cause divisions among people. Zoroastrianism teaches that there is one supreme god in the universe, Ahura-Mazda (Wise Lord), but that his goodness will be constantly assailed by the forces of evil until the arrival of a final “judgment day”. Proponents of this faith should therefore help good to triumph over evil by leading a good life, and by performing acts of compassion and charity. Zoroastrianism exercised a profound influence over many early Christians, including Augustine.
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hoplites
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soldiers, often wealthy landowners that carried spears in the right hand and shield in the left, bronze armor/success depended on discipline and training
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Athens
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emerged as the Greek polis with the most markedly democratic form of government through a series of political struggles during the sixth century BCE. After its key role in the defeat of two invading Persian forces, it became the preeminent naval power of ancient Greece and the exemplar of Greek culture. But it antagonized many other poleis, and became embroiled in a war with Sparta and her allies in 431 BCE. Called the Peloponnesian War, the bloody conflict lasted until it was defeated in 404 BCE.
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rationalism
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(521-486 BCE) The Persian emperor whose conflict with Aristagoras, the Greek ruler of Miletus, ignited the Persian Wars. In 490 BCE, Darius sent a large army to punish the Athenians for their intervention in Persian imperial affairs, but this force was defeated by Athenian hoplites on the plain of Marathon.
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Xerxes
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(519-465 BCE) Xerxes succeeded his father, Darius, as Great King of Persia. Seeking to avenge his father’s shame and eradicate any future threats to Persian hegemony, he launched his own invasion of Greece in 480 BCE. An allied Greek army defeated his forces in 479 BCE
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Darius
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king of Persia 521–486 bc. After a revolt by the Greek cities in Ionia (499–494 bc), he invaded Greece but was defeated at Marathon (490 bc).
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Anaximander
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Greek scientist from Miletus. He believed the earth to be cylindrical and poised in space and is reputed to have taught that life began in water and that humans originated from fish.
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sophists
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a paid teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greece, associated in popular thought with moral skepticism and specious reasoning.
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skepticism
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the theory that certain knowledge is impossible.
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Thucydides
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Greek historian. Remembered for his History of the Peloponnesian War, he fought in the conflict on the Athenian side.
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Peloponnesian wars
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The name given to the series of wars fought between Sparta (on the Greek Peloponnesus) and Athens from 43 BCE to 404 BCE, and which ended in the defeat of Athens and the loss of her imperial power
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Protagoras
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was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist.
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Issus
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battle in which alexander the great defeated darius
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Maccabees
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the members or followers of the family of the Jewish leader Judas Maccabaeus.
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Aristotle
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(384-322 BCE) A student of Plato, his philosophy was based on the rational analysis of the material world, in contrast to his teacher, he stressed the rigorous investigation of real phenomena, rather than the development of universal ethics. He was, in turn, the teacher of Alexander the Great
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Macedon
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a kingdom that became a world power under Philip II and Alexander the Great.
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Ptolemaic kingdom
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was a Hellenistic kingdom in Egypt. It was ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty that Ptolemy I Soter founded after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC—which ended with the death of Cleopatra VII and the Roman conquest in 30 BC.
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Stoicism
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An ancient philosophy derived from the teachings of Zeno of Athens and widely influential within the Roman Empire; it also impacted the development of Christianity. Stoics believe in the essential orderliness of the cosmos, and that everything that occurs happens for the best. Since everything is determined in accordance with rational purpose, no individual is master of his or her fate, and the only agency that human beings have consists in their responses to good fortune or adversity
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first triumvirate
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a group of three men holding power, in particular the unofficial coalition of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus in 60 bc
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plebeians
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a roman commoner.
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carthage
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The great maritime empire that grew out of Phoenician trading colonies in North Africa and rivaled the power of Rome. Its wars with Rome, collectively known as the Punic Wars, ended in its destruction in 146 BCE
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scipio
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Roman general and politician. He achieved distinction in the siege of Carthage in 146 during the third Punic War
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cicero
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(106-43 BCE) Influential Roman senator, orator, Stoic philosopher, and prose stylist. His published writings still form the basis of the instruction in classical Latin grammar and usage
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catullus
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Roman poet, known for his love poems.
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sulla
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Roman general and politician
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caesar
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(100-44 BCE) The Roman general who conquered the Gauls, invaded Britain, and expanded Rome’s territory in Asia Minor. He became the dictator of Rome in 46 BCE. His assassination led to the rise of his grandnephew and adopted son, Gaius Octavious Caesar, who ruled the Roman Empire as Caesar Augustus.
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paleolithic age
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period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools discovered
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uruk
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an ancient city in southern Mesopotamia, northwest of Ur, one of the greatest cities of Sumer. Built in the 5th millennium bc, it is associated with the hero Gilgamesh.
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osiris
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a god originally connected with fertility, husband of Isis and father of Horus. He is known chiefly through the story of his death at the hands of his brother Seth and his subsequent restoration to a new life as ruler of the afterlife.
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canaan
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the biblical name for the area of ancient Palestine west of the Jordan River, the Promised Land of the Israelites, who conquered and occupied it during the latter part of the 2nd millennium bc .
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phoenicians
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A Semitic people known for their trade in exotic purple dyes and other luxury goods, they originally settled in present –day Lebanon around 1200 BCE and from there established commercial colonies throughout the Mediterranean, notably Carthage
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babylonia
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an ancient region of Mesopotamia, formed when the kingdoms of Akkad in the north and Sumer in the south combined in the first half of the 2nd millennium bc .
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pharaohs
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a ruler in ancient Egypt.
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valley of the kings
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a valley near ancient Thebes in Egypt where the pharaohs of the New Kingdom ( c. 1550–1070 bc) were buried.
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hydraulic despotism
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is a social or government structure which maintains power and control through exclusive control over access to water. It arises through the need for flood control and irrigation, which requires central coordination and a specialized bureaucracy.
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philistines
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Descendants of the Sea Peoples who fled to the region that now bears their name, Palestine, after their defeat at the hands of the pharaoh Ramses III. They dominated their neighbors, the Hebrews, who used writing as an effective means of discrediting them (the Philistines themselves did not leave a written record to contest the Hebrews’ views.)
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babylonian captivity
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the captivity of the Israelites in Babylon, lasting from their deportation by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 bc until their release by Cyrus the Great in 539 bc .
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homer
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(8th c. BCE) A Greek rhapsode (“weaver” of stories) credited with merging centuries of poetic tradition in the epics known as the Iliad and the Odyssey
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hesiod
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700 bc ), Greek poet. One of the earliest known Greek poets, he wrote the Theogony, an epic poem on the genealogies of the gods.
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sparta
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Around 650 BCE, after the suppression of a slave revolt, Spartan rulers militarized their society in order to prevent future rebellions and to protect Sparta’s superior position in Greece, orienting their society toward the maintenance of their army. Sparta briefly joined forces with Athens and other poleis in the second war with Persia in 480-479 BCE, but these two rivals ultimately fell out again in 431 BCE, when Sparta and her Peloponnesian allies went to war against Athens and her Allies. This bloody conflict lasted until Athens was defeated in 404 BCE, after Sparta received military aid from the Persians
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solon
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Elected archon in 594 BCE, this Athenian aristocrat enacted a series of political and economic reforms that formed the basis of Athenian democracy
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marathon
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scene of a victory over the persians
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pericles
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(495-429) Athenian politician who occupied the office of strategos for thirty years and who presided over a series of civic reforms, building campaigns, and imperialist initiatives.
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hebrew prophets
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series of prophets, like Elijah, preached that all are equal before the law of God/god does not fail man, man fails god/speak truth to power
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iliad/odyssey
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by homer, emphasis on human characters and emotions
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mos maiorum
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ancestral custom" or "way of the elders," is the unwritten code from which the ancient Romans derived their social norms.
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patria potestas
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part of roman culture, word for family life ruled by the father
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hippocrates
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father of modern medicine, diagnosis based on observation
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hellenistic age
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history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt in 30 BC.
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parthenon
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the temple of Athena Parthenos, built on the Acropolis in 447–432 bc by Pericles to honor Athens' patron goddess and to commemorate the recent Greek victory over the Persians. It was designed by Ictinus and Callicrates with sculptures by Phidias.
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gaugamela
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took place in 331 BC between the Hellenic League, led by Alexander the Great of Macedon and the Persians led by Darius III. Also called the Battle of Arbela, it was a decisive victory for the Hellenic League and led to the fall of the Persian Empire.
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etruscans
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Settlers of the Italian peninsula who dominated the region from the late Bronze Age until the rise of the Roman Republic in the sixth century BCE
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metaphysics
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the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of things, including abstract concepts such as being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time, and space.
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alexander the great
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(356-323 BCE) The Macedonian king whose conquests of the Persian Empire and Egypt crated a new Hellenistic world
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euclid
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Hellenistic mathematician whose Elements of Geometry forms the basis of Modern Geometry
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etruscans
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the language of ancient Etruria, of unknown affinity, written in an alphabet derived from Greek.
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consuls
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one of the two annually elected chief magistrates who jointly ruled the republic.
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punic wars
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(264-146 BCE) Three periods of warfare between Rome and Carthage, two maritime empires who struggled for dominance of the Mediterranean. Rome emerged as the victor, destroyed the city of Carthage and took control of Sicily, North Africa and Hispania (Spain)
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battle of zama
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fought around October 19, 202 BC, marked the end of the Second Punic War. A Roman army led by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus defeated a Carthaginian force led by the commander Hannibal.
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cincinnatus
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A legendary citizen-farmer of Rome who reluctantly accepted an appointment as dictator. After defeating Rome’s enemies, he allegedly left his political office and returned to his farm.
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latifundia
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a large landed estate or ranch in ancient Rome or more recently in Spain or Latin America, typically worked by slaves
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pompey
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Roman general and statesman; Latin name Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus; known as Pompey the Great. He founded the First Triumvirate, but later quarreled with Julius Caesar, who defeated him at the battle of Pharsalus. He then fled to Egypt, where he was murdered.
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brutus
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(6th century bc ), legendary founder of the Roman Republic. Traditionally, he led a popular uprising, after the rape of Lucretia, against his uncle, the king, and drove him from Rome.
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