Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Apollonian
|
Apollo (God of Sun)
Light of knowledge Mind Science & Math Reason Philosophy (e.g., Socrates, Euclid) |
|
|
Homer and The Iliad
|
Homer’s writing of the ancient bards’ tale of the Trojan War marked the intersection of Dionysian Greek mythic story-telling and Apollonian literacy—the beginning of math and science in Greek life.
|
|
|
The Peloponnesian War
|
431-404 BC Jealous of Athens’ rise to power in the Aegean Sea, and fearful of Athenian aggrandizement, Sparta made war with Athens for an entire generation.
The conflict displaced populations, fostered plagues, created famine, and shook Greek culture to its core. The resulting instability and disarray brought an end to the Greek “Golden Age” |
|
|
Phoenicia
|
small kingdom in the northern Levant (Lebanon)
Mariners—mastered sailing and created a vast Mediterranean trade and communication network, stretching all the way to the Atlantic (Azores, Madiera) as well as circumnavigating Africa (two thousand years before the Portuguese sailors Diaz and da Gama). |
|
|
The Hebrews
|
two small kingdoms—Israel and Judah--in the southern Levant (Israel, Palestine). Nomadic shepherds settled in 1200 BC. Religious tradition of “prophets”
|
|
|
Monotheism
|
Abraham & Yahweh
Knowing what God wants… (later, Christianity & Islam) |
|
|
Covenant
|
Moses & Commandments
(Torah—harsh, Hammurabian) |
|
|
Persia
|
founded in Persepolis (Iran)
559-530 BC Cyrus the Great—conquered with military might, but ruled with tolerance, allowing a diverse and wide-ranging empire |
|
|
Zarathustra (Zoroaster)
|
): A Persian prophet. Developed a spiritual philosophy of good vs. evil (Ahuramazda vs. Ahriman)
Man could choose between right and wrong (basis for Western religion) |
|
|
POLITICS
|
Collective decision-making
|
|
|
ECONOMICS
|
Acquisition & distribution of resources
|
|
|
SOCIETY
|
system among community members
|
|
|
Government:
|
pooling resources, establish customs and world-view, eventually law. Government, even in the simplest forms, indicated social organizations—a community to be defended (cities/walls). To ensure stability, early governments undertook extensive irrigation projects (perhaps the need for irrigation—stable water supply—gave rise to the first governments).
|
|
|
Beta Waves
|
associated with physical or mental activity
|
|
|
Alpha wave
|
Associated with deep relaxation
|
|
|
Delta wave
|
Associated with slow-wave deep sleep
|
|
|
Microelectrode
|
A small wire that monitors electrical activity or stimulates a single neuron
|
|
|
The Peripheral Nervous System
|
The nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
|
|
|
Genes:
|
segments of DNA on chromosomes transmit heredity traits
|
|
|
Chromosomes
|
rod shaped and contain all genes that carry genetic information to make a human being.
|
|
|
Dominant-recessive pattern
|
– a set of inheritance rules for genes
One dominant gene or two recessive genes required for a trait to be expressed. |
|
|
Multifactorial inheritance-
|
an inheritance pattern in which a trait is influenced by both genes and environmental factors
|
|
|
Polygenic inheritance
|
many genes influence a particular characteristic like skin color.
|
|
|
Sex linked inheritance
|
Involves genes on the X and Y chromosomes
E.g. male or female body type and red-green color blindness |
|
|
Behavioral Genetics
|
a field of research that uses twin and adoption studies to investigate the relative effects of heredity and environment on behavior.
|
|
|
Acetylcholine
|
Affects movement, learning, memory, and REM Sleep
|
|
|
Dopamine
|
Affects movement, attention, learning, and reinforcement
|
|
|
Norepinephrine
|
Affects eating, alertness, and wakefulness
|
|
|
Epinephrine
|
Affects metabolism of glucose, and energy release during exercise
|
|
|
Serotonin
|
Affects mood, sleep, appetite, impulsivity, and aggression
|
|
|
Glutamate
|
Active in areas of the brain involved in learning, thought, and emotion.
|
|
|
GABA
|
Facilitates neural inhibition in the central nervous system
|
|
|
Endorphins
|
Provide relief from pain, feelings of pleasure, and well being.
|
|
|
Men:
|
- have more white matter yet less white matter in left hemisphere
- may explain superior ability in spatial tasks |
|
|
Women:
|
- have equal amounts of gray and white matter
- may explain superior ability to perceive emotions |
|
|
Navigational information
|
processed in different parts of brain
Women use right parietal cortex and right frontal cortex Men use left hippocampus Both use different areas to process location of sound |
|
|
When does the brain reach full maturity?
|
Growth occurs in spurts from conception into adulthood.
Childhood and adolescent growth is associated with physical and intellectual advances Each growth spurt involves different brain area. Age 17-20 frontal lobe growth ability to plan and control emotions. Synapses decrease throughout life When older synapses new growth slower than decay |
|
|
Brain weight
|
decreases begin around 30 years old.
|
|
|
Synaptogenesis
|
Dendrites and axons grow as synapses develop
|
|
|
Myelination
|
Development of myelin sheaths around axons
|
|
|
Plasticity
|
Brain’s ability to reorganize or reshape in response to internal and external sources
|
|
|
The Cerebellum
|
Regulates muscle tone, posture, and smooth muscle movement
|
|
|
The Midbrain
|
Relays physiological messages from hindbrain to cognitive functions of the forebrain
Substantia nigra controls unconscious motor actions |
|
|
Thalamus
|
Affects ability to learn verbal information and language production
|
|
|
Hypothalamus
|
Regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, emotional behavior, internal body temperature, and other body functions.
|
|
|
The Limbic System
|
Amygdala
emotional responses especially unpleasant punishers. |
|
|
Hippocampus
|
stores new memories
Responses to unexpected stimuli Navigational ability |
|
|
Cerebrum
|
Cerebral Hemispheres
Controls movement and feelings on opposite sides of the body |
|
|
Corpus Callosum
|
Nerve fibers connecting two hemispheres
Transfers information Synchronizes activity |
|
|
Cerebral Cortex
|
Higher mental processes of language, memory, and thinking.
|
|
|
Language
|
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area |
|
|
Left Hemisphere
|
Controls right side of body
Coordinates complex movements Handles most language functions Mathematics and logic Information about the self and well being |
|
|
Right Hemisphere
|
Controls left side of body
Specialized visual-spatial perception Verbal associations, creative thought, and problem solving |
|
|
right hemisphere
|
Controls left side of body
Specialized visual-spatial perception Verbal associations, creative thought, and problem solving |
|
|
The Split Brain
|
Rare surgical treatment for severe epilepsy
Corpus callosum is cut separating the two hemispheres Each half has separate sensations, thoughts, and perceptions When picture is shown to the right eye Left hemisphere verbally reports what is seen When picture is shown to the left eye Right hemisphere remembers what is seen but can not verbally report it. Can pick out the shown item by touch with left hand |
