History 1

Front 1

Origin of Species

Back 1

written by Charles Darwin, proposed "theory of evolution"

Front 2

Primates

Back 2

order of mammals that appeared 60 million years ago

Front 3

Ardipithecus

Back 3

oldest discovered skeleton, 4.5-4.2 million years ago, 350cc cranium

Front 4

Australopithecus

Back 4

4-1 million years ago, 450cc cranium, bipedal

Front 5

Homo Habilis

Back 5

2.4-1.5 million years ago, 650cc cranium, first stone tools

Front 6

Homo Erectus

Back 6

1.8-.3 million years ago, 1000cc cranium, fully upright

Front 7

Homo Heidelbergensis

Back 7

.6-.1 million years ago, 1200cc cranium, close to modern skull

Front 8

Homo Neanderthalis

Back 8

300,000-30,000 years ago, first homonid found, 1500cc cranium (bigger than modern), intentional burial

Front 9

Natufians

Back 9

first to live in one place, gathered wild grain, terminal gathering, couldn't farm yet

Front 10

Ain Ghazal

Back 10

largest neotlithic village known, 2,000 people

Front 11

Catal Huyuk

Back 11

village with first evidence of domesticated cattle

Front 12

Dilmun

Back 12

one of the oldest known cities, may have inspired Garden of Eden

Front 13

Uruk

Back 13

very important Sumerian city-state, Gilgamesh ruled here

Front 14

Ishtar

Back 14

Mesopotamian goddess of love and fertility

Front 15

Enkidu

Back 15

god sent to get rid of Gilgamesh, became his best friend

Front 16

Sargon of Akkad

Back 16

first empire builder, founded Akkadian empire

Front 17

Hammurabi

Back 17

developed first written law code

Front 18

Marduk

Back 18

god of storms and war, patron god of Babylon

Front 19

Narmer/Menes

Back 19

ancient Egyptian pharaoh who unified Egypt for the first time

Front 20

Memphis

Back 20

original capital of Egypt found at the mouth of the Nile, lower Egypt

Front 21

Sinuhe

Back 21

Egyptian court official who ran away after king died, but eventually came back afterwards

Front 22

Thebes

Back 22

city of origin for uprising of Hyksos by pharaoh, site of Asiatic Campaigns of Thutmose III inscription

Front 23

Hyksos

Back 23

conquered Egypt for the first time, created horse-drawn chariot

Front 24

Avaris

Back 24

capital of Egypt under the Hyksos

Front 25

Thutmose III

Back 25

pharaoh of Egypt who led campaigns to extend empire

Front 26

Megiddo

Back 26

site of Thutmose victory over Canaanites

Front 27

Akhenaton

Back 27

tried to convert Egypt to monotheism, first time, failed,wrote hymn to the Aton, originally named Amenhotep

Front 28

Akhetaton

Back 28

new capital under Akhenaton, previously Thebes

Front 29

Hittites

Back 29

1st Indo-European civilization, developed iron-smelting

Front 30

Hattusas/Boghaz Koy

Back 30

capital city of Hittites

Front 31

Canaanites

Back 31

civilization inhabiting Syria

Front 32

Ugarit

Back 32

Canaanite city with evidence of first written alphabet

Front 33

Ebla

Back 33

earliest Canaanite city-state, destroyed by Hittites

Front 34

Sea Peoples

Back 34

people of unknown origin who conquered much of middle east, stopped at Egypt

Front 35

Rameses III

Back 35

pharaoh who defeated the Sea Peoples

Front 36

Arameans

Back 36

nomads from northern Arabian desert who settled in Mesopotamia

Front 37

Philistines

Back 37

sea people who settled sw coast of Palestine

Front 38

Phoenicians

Back 38

descendants of Canaanites, great sea-faring people

Front 39

Henotheism

Back 39

adherence to one god but belief in many

Front 40

Torah

Back 40

Yahweh's law obeyed by Israelites

Front 41

Ark of the Covenant

Back 41

agreement between Isrealites and Yahweh that he would save them if they obeyed the Torah

Front 42

Shiloh

Back 42

original promised land before Jerusalem

Front 43

Saul

Back 43

1st king of Israel

Front 44

Mount Gilboa

Back 44

place where Saul was killed

Front 45

David

Back 45

conquered Palestine and declared Jerusalem royal city

Front 46

Solomon

Back 46

son of David, concentrated on internal development of kingdom

Front 47

Samaria

Back 47

capital of Kingdom of Israel after northern tribes broke away

Front 48

Amos

Back 48

believed in internal morality over external practice

Front 49

Isaiah

Back 49

critical of Judah and Davidic monarchy

Front 50

Babylonian Captivity

Back 50

Jews held captive but released in 539 BC

Front 51

Nineveh

Back 51

ancient Assyrian city, largest in world at the time

Front 52

Ashurbanipal

Back 52

Assyrian king who amassed collection of Cuneiform

Front 53

Sennacherib

Back 53

Assyrian king who built Nineveh

Front 54

Nebuchadnezzar

Back 54

Babylonian king who conquered Syria and Palestine, put Jews into captivity

Front 55

Nabonidus

Back 55

unpopular Babylonian king who ignored Marduk for Sin

Front 56

Cyrus

Back 56

founder of Persian empire

Front 57

Persepolis

Back 57

primary capital of Persian empire

Front 58

Zoroastrianism

Back 58

Persian religion of duality