Historiography For Ib Sl History

Front 1

Sydney Bradshaw Fay

Back 1

Larger forces in Europe (Nationalism, Imperialism) led to WW1

Front 2

A. J. P. Taylor

Back 2

German ambitions and the Alliance System led to WW1

Front 3

Fritz Fischer

Back 3

German Ambitions and MIlitarism led to WW1

Front 4

Samuel Williamson

Back 4

German and Austro-Hungarian Ambitions

Front 5

Ruth Henig

Back 5

Failure of Diplomacy and Resignation of Nations to War

Front 6

Schmit

Back 6

"The alliances which had originally served as the cause of peace when put to the final test operated to convert a local quarrel into a general war" - On the causes of WW1

Front 7

Martel

Back 7

The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was the final straw in the struggle for mastery in the Balkans. The Balkans caused WW1

Front 8

Wehler

Back 8

Germany's Domestic problems caused the push towards war in Germany

Front 9

Winston Churchill

Back 9

General surge towards violence in society, eg suffragette movement caused WW1

Front 10

A J P Taylor

Back 10

There was a deep, underlying divergence between England and France as to the nature of the League of Nations

Front 11

Ruth Henig

Back 11

The League was always going to fail due to the notable absences

Front 12

Ruth Henig

Back 12

“a credible achievement that eventually failed because of the reluctance of the victors to enforce it” - on the Treaty of Versailles

Front 13

Norman Stone

Back 13

Optimistic view of Tsarist Russia

Front 14

Philips

Back 14

1905 constitution was a huge step for backward Russia

Front 15

Robert Service

Back 15

Coup, not popular revolution “They [the Bolsheviks] grabbed governmental authority through conspiracy. They were disciplined and centralized and they served their dictatorial leader Lenin with blind devotion. Thus the Russian 'masses' were highjacked into acceptance of the coup of October by a itny intellectual elite of meglomaniacs.”

Front 16

Orlando FIges

Back 16

The Russian generals were pampered, and did not know what they were doing.

Front 17

Robert K. Massie

Back 17

Revolution was caused by the World War

Front 18

Carr and Acton

Back 18

Lenin was key to the revolution

Front 19

Smith, Gill and Koenker

Back 19

Limits to Lenin's importance to the revolution

Front 20

Adam Ulam

Back 20

“The Bolsheviks did not seize power, they picked it up”

Front 21

McKean and Katkov

Back 21

Tsarism was entering the 20th century

Front 22

Smith and Fitzpatrick

Back 22

The people created the circumstances for Lenin’s rise to power

Front 23

Robert Service and Chris Read

Back 23

The Bolsheviks seized power, but this was facilitated by much independent action

Front 24

Litvinov

Back 24

“Stalin was like God for us”

Front 25

Nove

Back 25

“Demonstrates the huge strain of the 5 year plans, how far Russia was behind and how far it was from Modernisation”

Front 26

Ward

Back 26

“Needless to say the new targets were beyond practical possibility” - about 5 year plans

Front 27

Ryutin

Back 27

“the evil genius of the Russian Revolution who, activated by vindictiveness and lust for power, has brought the revolution to the edge of the abyss."

Front 28

Morgan and Clark

Back 28

War divided Italy

Front 29

Mack Smith

Back 29

War was “one of the greatest disasters in Italy’s History”

Front 30

A Cassels

Back 30

The Bolshevik threat in Italy was entirely illusory. Mussolini exploited this to gain power in 1922

Front 31

Finbar Madden

Back 31

Coalition with church very important for Mussolini

Front 32

A. J. Gregor

Back 32

Women were not a big concern in fascist Italy, only from the point of view of the declining birthrate

Front 33

Tannenbaum

Back 33

Fascist regime in Italy hindered economy

Front 34

Cassels

Back 34

Corporativism was a “travesty”

Front 35

Clark

Back 35

Anti-Fascism in Italy was weak and harmless

Front 36

Paul Preston

Back 36

International Brigades did play an important role in the Spanish Civil War

Front 37

Jill Edwards

Back 37

"by turning a blind eye, the british aided Franco as decisively as if it had sent arms to him"

Front 38

Louis FIscher

Back 38

Stalins demads for the gold reserves of Spain harmed the republican fighting power

Front 39

Harry Browne

Back 39

For an industrially underdeveloped country such as spain, foreign arms were necessary, otherwise a negotiated sttlement would have been necessary

Front 40

Harry Browne

Back 40

Spanish Civil War was distinctly spanish

Front 41

Carlos Rama

Back 41

The Spanish Civil war was as a result of the failure to create a state to which its citizens were loyal

Front 42

Eddie May

Back 42

the actions of the right in blocking social reforms polarised spanish politics