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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Free association
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created by Freud. Patients are asked to continually relate anything which comes into their minds. Free association can be used to reveal the hidden emotional cause of the disorder
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ethology
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spawned by Darwin. The naturalistic study of behavior
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Catharsis
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re-enactment of traumatic experiences to purge the mind of underlying tension and conflict. part of psychoanalysis.
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Hysteria
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a type of neurosis Charcot believed was a symptom of hypnotic suggestibility. Freud believed hysteria was psychological and found the talking cure helpful to cure it
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psychoanalysis
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Freud's theory, the talking cure, the physical conversion of emotional energy. Seduction theory of hysteria, role of early experience. Several pathogenic ideas converge to give rise to a single physical overdetermined symptom. Free association.
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Parapraxias
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Freud, expression of the unconscious in everyday life, slips of the tongue, forgetfulness, interpretation of jokes and humor
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Dream work
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Freud's term that means ideas disguised in dreams
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Projection
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Freud, ego defense mechanisms, in which one attributes one's own unacceptable or unwanted thoughts or/and emotions to others. Projection reduces anxiety by allowing the expression of the unwanted subconscious impulses/desires without letting the conscious mind recognize them
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Fixation
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part of Freud's psychosexual stage theory about how sexuality starts from a very young age, if stages ar enot psychologically completed, we can be trapped by them and they may lead to defense mechanisms. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
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latent learning
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Tolman. Form of learning that is not immediately expressed, occurs without obvious reinforcement. Allowed rats to go into maze with no reward for ten days, on day 11 a food reward was at the end and the rats got to it as fast as rats who were rewarded for the 10 days prior
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displacement
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Freud's ego defense mechanism: the unconscious defense mechanism whereby the mind redirects affects from an object felt to be dangerous or unacceptable to an object felt to be safe or acceptable
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intelligence quotient
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William Stern: a score derived from one of several standardized tests attempting to measure intelligence. Proposed method of scoring early modern children's intelligence tests such as those developed by Binet and Simon. Was calculated as a ratio with the formula 100xmental age/chronological age.
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rationalization
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Freud's ego defense mechanism: the process of constructing a logical justification for a belief, decision, action or lack there of that was originally arrived at through a different mental process.
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reaction formation
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Freud's ego defense mechanism: anxiety-producing or unacceptable emotions are replaced by their direct opposites
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wish fulfillment
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Freud beleived that dreams serve to fulfill our wishes, a compromise between desire and self-censorship
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transference
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Freud. A phenomenon characterized by unconscious redirection of feelings for one person to another. Freud believed this helps during psychoanalysis for the psychologists understanding of the pateints's feelings.
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posthypnotic suggestion
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the induction, under hypnosis of a person into a behavior or thinking pattern that makes itself mainifest after he has come out of the hypnotic state, practiced by Freud
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operant conditioning
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the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of voluntary behavior. Positive reinforcement rewards participant while it is present, negative reinforcement rewards participant when it is withdrawn. B.F. Skinner
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unconscious motivation
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Freud's term motivating impulses that influence behavior without conscious awareness
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thorndike's law of effect
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when several responses are made to the same situation, those which are accompanied with rewards are more likely to be repeated, while those accompanied by punishment are more likely to be avoided.
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discrimination
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at first animals respond indiscriminately to a range of stimuli (generalization). By selective reinforcement, Pavlov trained his animals to make a conditioned response to the reinforced stimulus, but no the other stimuli
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generalization
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conditioned responses often occur to stimuli that are similar to (but not identical to) the original CS. Pavlov's classical conditioning.
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extinction
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if the CS is paired repeatedly without the US, the CR will eventually disappear, or become extinguished
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spontaneous recovery
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after some time after extinction, the response may reappear, and the CS will again elicit the CR
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logical positivism
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In the Vienna circle of the 1920s. All knowledge is derived from experience, science applies strict criteria of verifiability by empirical means to test the meaningfulness of any statement, all theoretical terms must be directly linked to empirical observations, combined formal logic with radical empiricism
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Skinner box
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operant conditioning chamber used to study operant and classical conditioning in animals. Allowed Skinner to explore the rate of response and a dependent variable, as well as develop his theory of schedules of reinforcement
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Classical conditioning
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form of associative learning (Pavolov). Neutral stimulus with significant stimulus. If the CS and US are repeatedly paired, eventually the two stimuli become associated and the organism begins to produce a behavioral response to the CS
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Intervening variables
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Hull and Tomlan. A hypothetical internal state that is used to explain relationships between observed variables such as independent and dependent variables in empirical research
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critical period
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Konrad Lorenz. A period in the lifespan of an individual (in birds, a short period just after hatching) where learning or imprining is greatly facilitated.
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sign stimulus
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Niko Tinbergen. The component of an action or object that triggers a fixed response in an animal (herring gull chick's begging response)
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Contingencies of reinforcement
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positive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, negative reinforcement
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manifest vs. latent content of dreams
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Freud's interpretation of dreams. Manifest: all the parts of the dream that we remember, the actual content of the dream. Latent: the underlying, more hidden, but true meaning of a dream
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reinforcement schedules
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Fixed ratio:schedules deliver reinforcement after every nth response. continuous ratio:reinforcement follows each and every response. Fixed interval:reinforcemnet for the first response after a fixed length of time since the last reinforcement. variable ratio: reinforcement after a random number of responses. variable interval: reinforcement for the first response after a random length of time passes since the last reinforcement
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cognitive map
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Edward Tolman. Type of mental procesing composed of a series of psychological transformations by which an individual can acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment. Awareness of all possible outcomes
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operation definition
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Percy Bridgman. Provide a basis for attaching every theoretical construct to observable empirical phenomena or data
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object permanence
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John Piaget's theory of development. The awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible. Infants between 0-2yrs. do not possess this skill and it is the criterion for moving to the preoperational stage.
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anthropomorphism
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the attribution of uniquely human characteristics to non-human creatures and beings.
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Morgan's canon
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in no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of exercise of a higher psychical fauculty, if it can be interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale.
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Imprinting
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Lorenz. Form of learning in which individuals exposed to certain key stimuli, usually during an early stage of development, form an association with the object and may later show sexual behavior toward similar objects
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Honey bee waggle dance
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Karl von Frisch. Figure 8 dance, the angle from the sun indicates direct and the duration of the waggle signifies the distance to nectar, pollen or water sources.
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exitation and inhibition
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(Sechenov) Excitation is an increase in neural activity following stimulation. Inhibition is a process by which neural activation is reduced following stimulation
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ego defense mechanisms
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displacement(shifts impulses to less threatening target), condensation(whole set of images is packed into a single image), projection(attributing personal feelings to another), rationalization, reaction formation(converting unconscious wishes to their opposites), repression, sublimation(transforming negative emotions into positive actions)
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icon-index-symbol
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Peirce. Semiotics: theory of signs. Icon: resembles it referent. Index: linked by association (thunder and lightning), Symbol: arbitrary link (most words)
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induction-deduction-abduction
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Peirce. Modes of reasoning in science. induction:combines facts to arrive a theoretical conclusions(empirical generalizations). Deduction:uses theory to generate testable predictions. Abduction:process of hypothesis generation; creative aspect of science
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Piaget's stages of development
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Sensory-motor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations stage, formal operations stage
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Sensory-motor stage
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0-2 years, basic sensory and motor activities, prelinguistic, must master object permanence to move to next stage.
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Preoperational stage
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2-7years. classification by similarity, not able to use mental operations, emerging use of symbols, must master conservation of quantity to move to next stage
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Concrete operations stage
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7-11 years. conservation and some abstract concepts applied to concrete problems, reversibility, transitivity, less egocentric, must master abstract problems to move on.
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Formal operations stage.
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12-adult. able to master abstract and symbolic reasoning, metacognition, hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
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levels of linguistic analysis
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phonetics: articulation and perception of speech sounds. phonology: patterning of sounds. morphology: prinicples of word formation. Syntax: arrangement of morphemes in sentences. Semantics: study of meaning. Pragmatics: language used in social context.
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Pavlovian conditioning and operant learning
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Classical conditioning:form of associative learning, present a neutral stimulus with non-neutral stimulus to evoke a conditioned response from the conditioned stimulus. Operant learning: use of consequences to modify the occurence and form of behavior
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Behaviorist and ethological approaches to study of animal behavior
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behaviorists studied animals in a lab with skinner boxes. Ethologists studied animals in the environment, naturalistic observation, field experiments, role of natural selection and adaptation
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stream of consciousness
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James. beleived consciousness is: personal, continuous and indivisible, constantly changing, selective and functional
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Peirce
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believed in Pragmatism (theory of truth and meaning), semiotics(theory of signs), modes of reasoning in science (induction, deduction, abduction)
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Tolman
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Believed in intervening variables, part of neobehaviorism, found latent learning. Hypothesis formation (hesitation shown by rat at choice point in maze), vicarious trial and error, expectancy, belief, cogitive map.
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Ebbinghaus
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experimental and mathematical study of memory, used nonsense syllables. found memory increases with time. forgetting curve is the expoential curve that illustrates how fast we tend to forget information we learned
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Charcot
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beleived that hypnotic suggestibility is a symptom of hysteria. Believed hysteria was a neurological disorder caused by hereditary problems in the nervous system, used hypnosis to induce a state of hysteria in pateints and studied the results
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Thorndike
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instrumental learning, law of effect(rewarded behavior is likely to be repeated, punished avoided), law of exercise(a response is more strongly linked to a situation the more often it has been linked with it in the past), stimulus response learning theory
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Binet
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criticized Galton's view of inherited intelligence; emphasized individual differences in intelligence, attention, motivation and backgroud. Developed the binet-Simon test of intelligence, metal age vs. chronological age.
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Lorenz
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ethomologist. How innate and acquired compnents of behavior are integrated, importance of behavior for taxonomy, origins and basis of aggression, imprining, critical period, fixed action pattern (innate, stereotyped response triggered by a well-defined simple stimulus, once activated, the response is always performed to completion)
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Sechenov
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physiologist trained with Muller and Helmhotz, mind as an epiphenomenon, introspection is unreliable, reflexes of the brain (all external manifestations of brain activity can be attributed to muscular movement, all conscious voluntary movements are reflexes, proposed neural excitation and inhibition could serve as explanatory concepts in psychology), excitation, inhibition, approach later called reflexology
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Von Frisch
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ethologist, found the honeybee dance communication
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Lamarck
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theory of evolution by acquired characteristics, exercise of a structure enhances its appearnace in future generations, absence causes it to disappear, all-important role of environment, problem: lacked mechanism for change (genetic inheritance)
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Tinbergen
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the curious naturalist, noninvasive field experiments, studies of herring gull behavior, spatial learning in digger wasps, sign stimulus, releaser (a sign stimulus given by one animal to another as a social signal)
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Mesmer
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gravity and magnetism, animal magnetism, homeostasis, the magnetic baquet, Royal commission investigation, placebo effect
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Describe the components of the theory of natural selection
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1.variation exists in behavior and structure. 2.some of the variation is heritable. 3.more individuals are born than leave offspring for future generations. 4.certain inherited traits make individuals better able to cope with environmental conditions and compete for limited resources such as food and shelter. These individuals survive longer and leave more offspring than those with less successful traits. 5.changes in an entire population can lead to the formation of new species
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What was the theory of natural selection developed to account for?
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small differences observed between similar species of animals, for example the beaks of Darwin's finches, the dark and light forms of moths seen in different types of cities
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How does natural selection differ from artificial selection?
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artificial selection is the intentional breeding for certain traits over others. Natural selection: the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heitable traits become less common, due to differential reproduction of genotypes.
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How did Galton propose to measure human intelligence? What was wrong with his proposal?
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Galton measured human intelligence by measuring head size, sensory acuity and reaction time and called this anthropometry. It turned out that head size and intelligence was extremely low or nothing.
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Describe the formation of a conditioned response according to the classical conditioning theory developed by Pavlov?
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An unconditioned stimulus evokes a naturally unconditioned response to the unconditioned stimulus. Pairing a neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus eventually evokes a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus.
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Describe the James-Lange theory of emotion. What led James to propose this theory?
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Believed that emotion is the psychological response to physiological events. Our mind's perception of the higher adrenaline level, heartbeat, etc. is the emotion. Different physiological responses give rise to differnt sensations, i.e. different emotions. Criticisms: the viscera are alrgely unresponsive and react slowly, cutting nerves from viscera has no effect on emotions on rats, visceral responses are the same no matter what the reported emotion, injecting adrenaline does not induce the feeling of an emotion
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Freud
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hysteric patients, unconscious mind, psychoanalysis, interpretation of dreams, psychosexual theory of development, hypnotic suggestion, free association, parapraxias, ego defense mechanisms
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James
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crisis, will to beleive, stream of consciousness (helps people adapt to environment),James-Lange theory of emotion, habit formation, pragmatism, functionalism(functional aspects of mental processes, solve real-world problems)
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Pavlov
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physiologist, conditioned reflex, materialism (mental processes are unnecessary concepts), atomism(complex behaviors are the product of simple elements), associationism, classical conditioning, generalization, discrimination, extinction, spontaneous recovery, neuotic behavior attributed to unavoidable conflicts between two strong but incompabtible conditioned responses, theory of language
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Pavlov's theory of language
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symbolic activity involves a link between an arbitrary symbol and its referent. Two part theory of language: first signal system-associations between a signal CS and biologically meaningful events. Second signal system-process by which we come to associate arbitrary symbols with events and objects in the world
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Wundt
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first experimental psychology lab, voluntarism (will), introspection and experiment, mind as an action not a substance, psychophysical parallelism, perception, apperception, creative synthesis, Schizophernia as a breakdown of attentional processes, tridimensional theory of feeling
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Skinner
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saw no need for abstract, all methodological terms be operationally defined, radical environmentalist, behaviorist, Skinner box, operant conditioning, reinforcement learning, principles of programmed learning, respondant(classical conditioning), operant, contingencies of reinforcement, punishment vs. reinforcement, speech and language
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Skinner's language theory
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believed speech and language are forms of verbal behavior whose reinforcement mediated by other people. Verbal operants(vocal responses conditioned through operant learning), operant responses,tact(a verbal operant response under the stimulus control of the environment)
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Piaget
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genetic epistomology, active construction of knowledge, psychological adaptations to evironmental contingencies, stages of cognitive development, intellectual development is abrupt, schema(cognitive structure), assimilation(new experiences are incorporated by existing modes of thinking), accommodation(exisiting modes of thinking are changed to incorporate new experiences), equilibration(process of reconciling cognitive structures with experience) is the force responsible for intellectual growth
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Lashley's theory of language
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complex planned behavior, rejected telephone switchboard metaphor, central planning agency for mapping and controlling long sequences of behavior, the problem of serial order in behavior
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Chomsky
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tranformational generative grammer, language as a system of rules, cartesian lingusitics, nativism(language as a biological, species-specific trait),
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Chomsky vs. Skinner
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Skinner: language is nothing more than a form of verbal behavior whose reinforcement is provided by other people, randomly occuring verbal behavior is selectively reinforced. Chomsky:impossible to explain language acquisition as operant learning, the reinforcement is non-existant, speech input to the child is impoverished, children produce novel and complex sentences
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